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Date: Mon, 23 Jun 1997 22:40:39 -0500
From: Tom Cannon
Subject: Cobal
Are there any Cobal compilers that will run under Linux, I have a serious need to move some code to the Linux platform if there is something available. Thanks.
(Check with Acucobol Inc., [email protected], http://www.acucobol.com --Editor)
Date: Sat, 21 Jun 1997 16:02:04 -0400
From: Linda Brooks
Subject: Packard Bell SOUND16A Soundcard
I have a Packard Bell Pack-Mate 4990CD, which has a soundcard apparently called a "SOUND16A" (the documentation doesn't make it clear whether PB or Aztech made it, or if it was a joint production). It is a 16 bit sound card, which I can use under Windows 95 as such. However, in Linux, the best I can do is 8 bit sound (via Sound Blaster Pro 2.0 emulation). The card claims to support MSS, but nowhere in the documentation or setup program does it specify which IRQ this runs at, although it does tell what port. I have contacted Packard Bell's tech support, but they say they only support Windows software for free, and that if I wanted to talk about Linux or some such operating system, I would need to get "special support" which would cost a ridiculously high number.
As a struggling college student, I don't have much money to spend on the computer (it is actually my family's that I scratched up enough space to install Linux on), so I can't get a new sound card, and I am not even sure if the commercial sound drivers support this particular sound card.
I'm probably spoiled by Windows, but it's not asking too much for 16 bit sound so I can listen to 44KHz samples in stereo (I'm quite a MOD fan), listen to MP2's or MP3's, etc...
I'm not much of a coder, so I can't go about writing my own drivers. If anyone knows of how to set up this sound card for full 161 bit sound, please inform me. Or, if you know of any 8 bit .MP? players, that would work too =)
Date: Thu, 19 Jun 1997 12:03:00 -0400
From: Albert Race
Subject: Linux HELP!
I would like to install Linux on a Sun 386i machine with 16 meg of ram, 2 350 meg scsii drives color video adapter and a tape drive, and Network support. When I try to install using a boot disk, I get the following message.
Boot: Device fd(0,0,0): Invalid Boot Block
This occurs with any boot disk except for Sun. Is there a way I can get Linux to install to this system? Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated. If you can not help me, Please redirect this message to someone who could. I don't know where to get this type of information. I received these machines for free and would like to put them to use using Linux.
Thank you Albert F. Race
Date: Mon, 16 Jun 1997 11:44:43 +0200
From: Claudio
Subject: Matrox
Is there a chance to correctly configure a Matrox Mystique with 4MB RAM under X or I must throw away it ?
Date: Mon, 2 Jun 1997 00:11:40 -0300 (EST)
From: Rildo Pragana
Subject: Interfacing Genius Color Page-CS Scanner
Hello, Please help-me to interface my Color Page CS desktop scanner to Linux. Now, I can scan only from Windows (Argh!!) and it would be fine to have The Gimp accessing my scanned material. I can program in C and Tcl/tk, if I at least have the information on its SCSI card, and the scanner itself. Any information you may have is precious to me. When I have this job done, of course, I'll be happy to publish my adventures in the Gazette.
best regards,
Rildo Pragana
Greetings from Recife, the Brazilian's Venice
Date: Thu, 12 Jun 1997 14:36:09 -0400 (EDT)
From: David Bubar
Subject: Q: How do you un virtual a virtual screen?
My screen maybe 800x600 but my virtual screen is set at something like 1600x1200. How do I change this? Note:
Date: Mon Jun 16 13:46:14
From: Ade Bellini,
Subject: *2+ Processing
Sir, I am a 35 from Sweden using at present *2 90 Pentium /NT4 and Slakeware 1.2.13 and Red Hat 3.0 (and DOS 6.22 !) all on the same machine. (paranoid !) I am interested in knowing how to take advantage of the *2 cpu's on a Linux based machine. Any thing regarding *2 + processing is of interest to me, as i use the NT4 as a server and would like to try using Linux instead. many thanks in advance
Ade.
Date: Tue, 3 Jun 1997 07:33:50 -0700 (PDT)
From: David Mandel
Subject: CD Burners, Scanners, Digital Cammeras, etc.
I have a mess of family photographs and possibly 35mm slides that I want to preserve. One idea I'm considering is scanning these and putting them on CDs. So I have a few questions.
Thank you for your time and help,
Dave Mandel
(We'll have to depend on our readers for 1 and 3. As to 2, we use the HP5P flatbed scanner, which fits your qualifications for good. As to cheap it depends on your definition--it sells for around $400. The Linux software that supports all HP scanners is XVscan, and a very nice program it is. As to 4, the answer is yes; Hitach MP-EG1A, http://www.mpegcam.net/. --Editor)
Date: Tue, 3 Jun 1997 09:01:06 +0100 (BST)
From: Andrew Philip Crook
Subject: Ascii Problems with FTP
When I use a dos ftp(in ascii mode) program to download a Linux Script, because it is not running yet, the script fails to work when installed. This is because a ^M is appended to every line, take them out and it works.
What's happening?
How can I stop it?
Or how can a filter all the ^M's out?
Many Thanks
Andrew Crook.
(In a couple of last year's issues, there are several Tips & Tricks for getting rid of ^M. You can't stop them from happening. I personally get rid of them in vi using a global replace (e.g., :%s/^M//g); one command and they're gone forever. --Editor)
Date: Thu, 05 Jun 1997 23:08:08 -0400
From: Steve Malenfant,
Subject: Problems with XFree86
I'm a new user to Linux and the problem still XFree86! So then I tried to know want can I do to Linux community. In Issue #16, you said that the problem is not video card and is Monitor balancing. So why Windows 95 can have all these preset on monitor and Linux don't have? Why we can't use the stuff in the Microsoft Lib to transfer it into the database of XF86Setup or something like that. Cause that's real that the dotclock and all this is very scrambled! Why not just resolution and Virtual Refresh, that's all we need to know, the program could do the rest! We don't have to know what horizontal frequency and dotclock it is!
Steve Malenfant
Date: Thu, 19 Jun 1997 15:39:58 -0700
From: Kevin Hartman
Subject: Afterstep
Would anyone be interested in an Afterstep customization how-to/where to get?
Kevin
(Have you got one setup or just trying to find out if there's a need? --Editor)
Date: Sat, 07 Jun 1997 02:34:57 -0400
From: sinyz,
Subject: Need Help
Hi, If you happen to have time on your end please be so kind as to answer a few questions for a newbie!
Well , here is the situation and I need to get some serious advice from people like you. I have been reading the newsgroups and HOWTO's . They have been quite informative and ,increasingly so, as I continue . Now , thank GOD I got my Linux (RED HAT 4.1) box set up and running on my slave drive with Win95 on the Master. It detected my CDROM and I also configured my Xwindows (X11R6) .
But there are couple of questions
Serial driver version 4.13 with no serial options enabled tty00 at 0x03f8 (irq=4) is a 16550A tty03 at 0x02e8 (irq=3) is a 16550AThere seems to be no mention of tty1 (com 2 irq 3) where my modem is installed at !How to fix this ?? By the way my modem happens to be a plug-n-play modem -SUpra 28.8bps. I have heard that pnp modems have problems with Linux and there are fixes for pnp types - please recommend any.(In effect how do I get my Modem to work)
Date: Wed, 11 Jun 1997 11:06:57 +0200 (MET DST)
From: Martin Lersch
Subject: User-Level Driver For HP ScanJet 5p?
Hello! Please can you point me to some direction were I can find a user-level driver for the HP ScanJet 5p? There exist the HPSCANPBM driver which works in part, but does not support the -width and -height options for the ScanJet 5p. I guess it was written for a ScanJet 4c or something like that. BTW: The homepage of HP does not give much support for Linux users. They do not publish the ESCAPE sequences of the scanners.
Date: Sun, 01 Jun 1997 00:56:52 -0500
From: Piotr Mitros
Subject: WordPerfect for Linux
Before more users spend many hours downloading the 50 megabyte (!) WordPerfect for Linux, you may want to note that the beta download lets you get a demo version that times out after just 15 days. They seem to have demo versions of WordPerfect 6 available, so it is not that big a deal.
However, I would like to see a comparison of WordPerfect for Linux, StarOffice's word processor and the what is planned for GNU WP.
Piotr
(I'd like to see that comparisom too. --Editor)
Date: Thu, 12 Jun 1997 06:42:47 -0400
From: Stephen L. Cito
Subject: Question about downloading the archive
Hello, I'd like to download the past issues of LG (having enjoyed LJ now since last fall), but I don't think I could even get an 11 meg file downloaded over my 14.4 modem within the 1 hour that I have before my local Internet connection (the Greater Detroit Free Net) times out on me. Is there any way to download the past issues in smaller "chunks"?
Thanks and have a real nice day...
SC, Novi, MI
(Hmmm, that is a problem. No, I don't save the individual tar files of previous issues separately. There is, of course, TWDT, option for each issue which gives you the issue as one great big file. Not as nice as the normal multi-file format but very popular so must work for some. --Editor)
From: James Zubb
Subject: ActiveX for LinuxHi, I read the ActiveX for Linux question in the Answer Guy's article, I did a little looking and came up with a web site: http://www.sagus.com/Prod-i~1/Net-comp/dcom/index.htm
I don't know if this is actually the ActiveX port for Linux or not, I didn't feel like trying to figure it out, but there is a Beta for Linux there. Beats me what it does or how it does it...
-- Jim Zubb
From: Adrian Bridgett
Subject: Re: X Color Depth (In response to the message by Roland Smith)Normally 8-bit displays use 256 colours chosen from 2^24 (16,777,216), and 15/16/24/32 bits displays just use a fixed number of colours spread "evenly" throughout the colour spectrum.
16-bit displays use 5 bits for red, 5 bits for blue and 6 bits for green, however the 65536 colours cannot be changed and so the overall "resolution" of colour is lower than 256 bit displays. For instance you can only have 2^5 different shades of green, rather than 2^8.
Adrian
Timothy Gray
Subject: CNE Certification for Linux?Oh, no not a certification suggestion......
Linux was developed as a better and free version of UNIX. Now someone wants to make a CNE for Linux? As a successful Linux Network Administrator (and Business owner that proudly states no Microsoft here!) I am appalled at charging ten's of thousands of dollars to get a piece of paper that states I can do my job. As an Internet service provider and an avid Linux, Freeware, and Free Software Foundation supporter I hire my network administrators and Engineers( We call them System Administrators ) based on their abilities and trainability. A CNE paper does not nor will ever impress me. Even suggesting such an idea toward Linux is appalling. Let's keep our last bastion of freedom from the clutches of cooperate greed! If we must have a Linux CNE make it 100% free and available to everyone on the planet.
Thank you, Timothy Gray
Published in Linux Gazette Issue 19, July 1997
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This page written and maintained by the Editor of Linux Gazette,
Copyright © 1997 Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc."Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun! "
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Contents:
- Rude Getty
- Keeping Track of File Size
- What Packages Do I Need?
- Sound Card Support
- InstallNTeX is Dangerous
- Relpy to Dangerous InstallNTeX Letter
- Monitoring An FTP Download
- Programming Serial Ports
- Grepping Files in a Directory Tree
- More Grepping Files
- Still More on Grepping Files
- More on Grepping Files in a Tree
- Grepping
- Untarring/Zip
- Hard Disk Duplication
- Reply to ncftp
- Sockets and Pipes
- Hex Dump
- More on Hex Dump
- Reply to Zprotocol
Rude Getty
Date: Mon, 23 June 1997 21:12:23
From: Heather SternI have a fairly important UNIX box at work, and I have come across a good trick to keep around.
Set one of your console getty's to a nice value of very rude, -17 or worse. That way if a disaster comes up and you have to use the console, it won't take forever to respond to you (because of whatever went wrong).
Date:Mon 16 June 1997 13:34:24
From: Volker HilsensteinHello everyone, I just read Bob Grabau's 2C-tip for keeping track of the size of file. Since it is a bit inconvenient to type all these lines each time you download something I wrote this little script:
#!/bin/bash # This script monitors the size of the files given # on the command line. while : do clear for i in $@; do echo File $i has the size `ls -l $i | tr -s " " | cut -f 5 -d " "` bytes; done sleep 1 doneBye ... Volker
Date: Tue 24 June 1997 11:15:56
From: Michael Hammel,You asked about what packages you could get rid of and mentioned that you had AcceleratedX and that because of this you "can get rid of a lot off the X stuff". Well, thats not really true. AcceleratedX provides the X server, but you still need to hang onto the X applications (/usr/X11R6/bin/*) and the libraries and include files (/usr/X11R6/lib and /usr/X11R6/include) if you wish to compile X applications or run X binaries that require shared libraries.
Keep in mind that X is actually made up of three distinct parts: the clients (the X programs you run like XEmacs or Netscape or xterm), the server (the display driver that talks to your video adapter), and the development tools (the libs, header files, imake, etc). General users (non-developers) can forego installation of the development tools but need to make sure to install the runtime libraries. Each Linux distribution packages these differently, so just be careful about which ones you remove.
One caveat: I used to work for Xi Graphics, but that was over a year and a half ago. Although I keep in touch with them, I haven't really looked at the product line lately. Its possible they ship the full X distributions now, but I kind of doubt it. If they are shipping the full X distributions (clients, server, development tools) then disregard what I've said.
Hope this helps.
-- Michael J. Hammel
Date: Mon 24 June 1997: 11:16:34
From: Michael Hammel,With regards to your question in the LG about support for the MAD16 Pro from Shuttle Sound System under Linux, you might consider the OSS/Linux product from 4Front-Techologies. The sound drivers they supply support a rather wide range of adapters. The web paget http://www.4front-tech.com/osshw.html gives a list of what is and isn't supported. The Shuttle Sound System 48 is listed as being supported as well as generic support for the OPTi 82C929 chipset (which you listed as the chipset on this adapter).
This is commercial software but its only $20. I've been thinking of getting it myself. I have used its free predecessor, known at times as OSS/Lite or OSS/Free, and found it rather easy to use. I just haven't gotten around to ordering (mostly cuz I never seem to have time for doing installation or any other kind of admin work). I will eventually.
4Front's web site is at http://www.4front-tech.com.
Hope this helps.
-- Michael J. Hammel
Date: Fri 06 June 1997 12:31:14
From: Frank LangbeinDear James:
On Fri, 6 Jun 1997, James wrote:You have still
make_dir " LOG" "$VARDIR/log" $DOU 1777 make_dir " TMP-FONTS" "$VARDIR/fonts" $DOU 1777If I hadn't (now) commented-out your
(cd "$2"; $RM -rf *)then both my /var/log/* and /var/fonts/* files and directories would have been deleted!Actually VARDIR should also be a directory reserved for NTeX only (something like /var/lib/texmf). Deleting VARDIR/log is not really necessary unless someone has some MakeTeX* logs in there which are not user writable. Any pk or tfm files from older or non-NTeX installations could cause trouble later. Sometimes the font metrics change and if there are some old metrics used with a new bitmap or similar the resulting document might look rather strange. Further log and fonts have to be world writable (there are ways to prevent this, but I haven't implemented a wrapper for the MakeTeX* scripts yet), so placing them directly under /var is not really a good idea. I am aware that the documentation of the installation procedure is minimal which makes it especially hard to select the directories freely.
The real problem is that allowing to choose the directories freely. Selecting the TDS or the Linux filesystem standard is rather save and at most any other TeX files are deleted. The only real secure option would be to remove the free choice and only offer the Linux filesystem standard, the one from web2c 7.0 which is also TDS conform and a TDS conform sturcutre in a special NTeX directory. The free selection would not be accessible for a new user. I could add some expert option which still allows to use a totally free selection. Additional instead of deleting the directories they could be renamed.
There are plans for a new installation procedure, also supporting such things as read only volumes/AFS, better support for multiple platform installation, etc. This new release will not be available before I managed to implement all the things which were planed for 2.0. But that also means that there will probably be no new release this year as I have to concentrate on my studies. Nevertheless I will add a warning to the free selection in InstallNTeX. That's currently the only thing I can do without risking to add further bugs to InstallNTeX. Considering that my holiday starts next week I can't do more this month.
BTW, on another point, I had difficulty finding what directory was searched for the packages to be installed. Only in the ntex-guide, seemingly buried, is there:
This is caused by different ways to look for the package in NTeX-install, the text version of InstallNTeX and the Tcl/Tk version of InstallNTeX. Therefore you get some warnings even if NTeX-install would be able to install the packages. The minimal documentation is one of the real big drawbacks of NTeX. I'm currently working on a complete specification for the next release which will turn into a real documentation.
Thanks for pointing out the problems with the free selection of that paths. So far I concentrated on setting the installation paths to non-existing directories.
Regards,
Frank
To: Frank Langbein,
Date: Sat, 07 Jun 1997 10:11:06 -0600
From: JamesDear Frank:
The hidden application of the operationrm -rf *to the unpredictable and unqualified input from a broad base of naive users is highly likely to produce unexpected and undesired results for some of these users. This is the kind or circumstance more usually associated with a "prank". If this is _not_ your intent, then further modifications to the script "InstallNTeX" are required.The script functions at issue include: mk_dirchain() ($RM -f $P), make_dir() ($RM -rf * and $RM -f "$2"), make_tds_ln() ($RM -f "$3"), and link_file() ($RM -rf "$2"). The impact of the operations when using unexpected parameters, from misspellings or misinterpretations, for instance, should be considered.
You might simply replace these operations with an authorization dialog, or you could create a dialog with several recovery options. (For the moment, I have replaced them with `echo "<some <warning parm&gr;"'.)
James G. Feeney
Date: Tue, 10 Jun 1997 19:54:25 +1000 (EST)
From: Nathan HandI saw the recent script someone posted in the 2c column to monitor an ftp download using the clear ;
ls -l; sleep trick. I'd just like to point out there's A Better Way.Some systems will have the "watch" command installed. This command works pretty much like the script, except it uses curses and buffers for lightning fast updates. You use it something like
watch -n 1 ls -lAnd it prints out the current time, the file listing, and it does the refreshes so fast that you don't see the
ls -lredraws. I think it looks a lot slicker, but otherwise it's the same as the script.I don't know where the watch command comes from. I'm using a stock standard Red Hat system (4.0) so hopefully people with similar setups will also have a copy of this nifty little tool.
Date: Wed 18 June 1997 14:15:23
From: Tom VerbeureHello, A few days ago, I had to communicate using the serial port of a Sun workstation. A lot of information can be found here: http://www.stokely.com/stokely/unix.serial.port.resources and here: http://www.easysw.com/~mike/serial
Reading chapters 3 and 4 of that last page, can do wonders. It took me about 30 minutes to communicate with the machine connected to the serial port. The code should work on virtually any unix machine.
Hope this helps, Tom Verbeure
Date: Thu 12 June 15:34:12
From: Danny YarbroughThat's a good tip. To work around the command line length limitation, you can use xargs(1):
find . -name "\*.c" -print | xargs grep foothis builds a command line containing "grep foo" (in this case), plus as many arguments (one argument for each line of its standard input) as it can to make the largest (but not too long) command line it can. It then executes the command. It continues to build command lines and executing them until it reaches the end of file on standard input.(Internally, I suppose xargs doesn't build command lines, but an array of arguments to pass to one of the exec*(2) family of system calls. The concept, however is the same).
xargs has a number of other useful options for inserting arguments into the middle of a command string, running a command once for each line of input, echoing each execution, etc. Check out the man page for more.
Cheers! Danny
Date: Mon 16 June 1997 08:45:56
From: Alec Clewsgrep foo `find . -name \*.c -print`The only caveat here is that UNIX is configured to limit max chars in a command line and the "find" command may generate a list of files too huge for shell to digest when it tries to run the grep portion as a command line. Typically this limit is 1024 chars per command line.
You can get around this with
find . -type f -name \*.c -exec grep foo {} /dev/null \;Notes: The
-type fskips directories (and soft links, use-followif needed) that end with acThe /dev/null is required to make grep display the name of the file it's searching. grep only displays the file name *and* the search string when there are multiple files to search, and /dev/null is a 0 length file.
Regards,
Alec
Date: Sat 14 June 1997 10:57:34
From: Rick BronsonHere is similiar way to grep for files in a directory tree. This method uses xargs and as such does not suffer from the max chars in a command line limit.
sea () { find . -name "$2" -print | xargs grep -i "$1" }I've defined it as a function in my .bashrc file, you would use it like:
sea "search this string" '*.[ch]'Rick
Date: Thu 19 June 1997 09:29:12
From: David Kastrup
Reply to "Grepping Files in a Tree Directory"Well right. That's why most solutions to this problem are given using the xargs command which will construct command lines of appropriate size.
You'd write
find . -name \*.c -print|xargs grep foofor this. This can be improved somewhat, however. If you suspect that you have files containing newlines or otherwise strange characters in them, tryfind . -name \*.c -print0|xargs -0 grep foo --This will use a special format for passing the file list from find to xargs which can properly identify all valid filenames. The -- tells grep that even strange file names like "-s" are to be interpreted as file names.Of course, we would want to have a corresponding file name listed even if xargs calls a single grep in one of its invocation. We can manage this with
find . -name \*.c -print0|xargs -0 grep foo -- /dev/nullThis will have at least two file names for grep (/dev/null and one given by xargs), so grep will print the file name for found matches.The -- is a good thing to keep in mind when writing shell scripts. Most of the shell scripts searching through directories you find flying around get confused by file names like "-i" or "xxx\ yyy" and similar perversities.
David Kastrup
Date: Mon 02 June 1997 15:34:23
From: Chris CoxMy favorite trick for look for a string (or strings - egrep) in a tree:
$ find . -type f -print | xargs file | grep -i text | cut -f1 -d: | xargs grep patternThis is a useful technique for other things...not just grepping.
Date: Sun 22 June 1997 13:23:14
From: Mark MoranI read the following 2-cent tip and was excited to think that I've finally reached a point in my 'linux' expertise I COULD contribute a 2-cent tip! I typically run:
tar xzf foo.tar.gz
to unzip and untar a program. But as Paul mentions the directory structure isn't included in the archive and it dumps in your current directory. Well before I do the above I run:
tar tzf foo.tar.gz
This will dump out to your console what going to be unarchived easily allowing you to see if there's a directory structure!!!!
Mark
Date: Thu 12 June 1997 15:34:32
From: Andreas SchifflerNot suprisingly, Linux can do that of course for free and - even from a floppy bootimage for example (i.e. Slackware bootdisk console).
For identical harddrives the following will do the job:
cat /dev/hda >/dev/hdbFor non-identical harddrives one has to repartition the target first:
...
fdisk /dev/hda record the partitions (size, type) fdisk /dev/hdb create same partitions cat /dev/hda1 >/dev/hdb1 copy partitions cat /dev/hda2 >/dev/hdb2 To create image files, simply redirect the target device to a file.
cat /dev/hda >image-fileTo reinstall the MBR and lilo, just boot with a floppy using parameters that point to the root partition (as in LILO> linux root=/dev/hda1) and rerun lilo from within Linux.
Have fun
Andreas
Date: Fri 20 June 1997 14:23:12
From: Andrew M. Dyer,To monitor an ftp session I like to use ncftp which puts up a nice status bar. It comes in many linux distributions. When using the standard ftp program you can also use the
hashcommand which prints a#every 1K bytes received. Some ftp clients also have thebellcommand which will send a bell character to your console for every file transferred.For grepping files in a directory tree I like to use the -exec option to find. The syntax is cryptic, but there is no problem with overflowing the shell argument list. A version of the command shown in #18 whould be like this:
find . -name \*.c -exec grep foo {} /dev/null \;(note the /dev/null forces grep to print the filename of the matched file). Another way to do this is with the mightily cool xargs program, which also solves the overflow problem and its a bit easier to remember:find . -name \*.c -print | xargs grep foo /dev/null(this last one is stolen from "UNIX Power Tools" by Jerry Peek, Tim O'Reilly and Mike Loukides - a whole big book of 2 cent tips.For disk duplication we sometimes use a linux box with a secondary IDE controller, and use
ddto copy the data over.dd if=/dev/hdc of=/dev/hdd bs=1024kthis would copy the contents of /dev/hdc to /dev/hdd. The bs=1024k tells linux to use a large block size to speed the transfer.
Date: Thu, 12 Jun 1997 23:22:38 +1000 (EST) From: Waye-Ian Cheiw,
Hello!
Here's a tip!
Ever tried to pipe things, then realised what you want to pipe to is on another machine?
spiffy $ sort < file sh: sort: command not found spiffy $ # no sort installed here! gahck!Try "socket", a simple utility that's included in the Debian distribution. Socket is a tool which can treat a network connection as part of a pipe.
spiffy $ cat file c b a spiffy $ cat file | socket -s 7000 & # Make pipe available at port 7000. spiffy $ rlogin taffy taffy $ socket spiffy 7000 | sort # Continue pipe by connecting to spiffy. a b cIt's also very handy for transferring files and directories in a snap.
spiffy $ ls -F mail/ project/ spiffy $ tar cf - mail project | gzip | socket -qs 6666 & spiffy $ rlogin taffy taffy $ socket spiffy 6666 | gunzip | tar xf - taffy $ ls -F mail/ project/The -q switch will close the connection on an end-of-file and conveniently terminate the pipes on both sides after the transfer.
It can also connect a shell command's input and output to a socket. There is also a switch, -l, which restarts that command every time someone connects to the socket.
spiffy $ socket -s 9999 -l -p "fortune" & spiffy $ telnet localhost 9999 "Baseball is ninety percent mental. The other half is physical." Connection closed by foreign host.Will make a cute service on port 9999 that spits out fortunes.-- Ian!!
Date: Tue 24 June 1997 22:54:12
From: Arne WichmannHi.
One of my friends once wrote a small vi-compatible hex-editor. It can be found (as source) under vieta.math.uni-sb.de:/pub/misc/hexer-0.1.4c.tar.gz
Date: Wed, 18 Jun 1997 10:15:26 -0700
From: James GilbI liked your gawk solution to displaying hex data. Two things (which people have probably already pointed out to you).
- If you don't want similar lines to be replaced by * *, use the -v option to hexdump. From the man page:
-v The -v option causes hexdump to display all input data. Without the -v option, any number of groups of output lines, which would be identical to the immediately preceding group of output lines (except for the input offsets), are replaced with a line comprised of a single asterisk.
- In emacs, you can get a similar display using ESC-x hexl-mode. The output looks something like this:
00000000: 01df 0007 30c3 8680 0000 334e 0000 00ff ....0.....3N.... 00000010: 0048 1002 010b 0001 0000 1a90 0000 07e4 .H.............. 00000020: 0000 2724 0000 0758 0000 0200 0000 0000 ..'$...X........ 00000030: 0000 0760 0004 0002 0004 0004 0007 0005 ...`............ 00000040: 0003 0003 314c 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ....1L.......... 00000050: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 2e70 6164 .............pad 00000060: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0014 ................ 00000070: 0000 01ec 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................ 00000080: 0000 0008 2e74 6578 7400 0000 0000 0200 .....text....... 00000090: 0000 0200 0000 1a90 0000 0200 0000 2a98 ..............*.(I don't suppose it is supprising that emacs does this, after all, emacs is not just and editor, it is its own operating system.)
Date: Mon 09 June 1997 19:34:54
From: Gregor GerstmannIn reply to my remarks regarding file transfer with the z protocol in LinuxGazette issue17, April 1997, I received an e-mail that may be interesting to others too:
Hello!
I noticed your article in the Linux Gazette about the sz command, and really don't think you need to split up your downloads into smaller chunks.
The sz command uses the ZMODEM protocol, which is built to handle transmission errors. If sz reports a CRC error or a bad packet, it does not mean that the file produced by the download will be tainted. sz automatically retransmits bad packets.
If you have an old serial UART chip ( 8250 ), then you might be getting intermittent serial errors. If the link is unreliable, then sz may spend most of its time tied up in retransmission loops.
In this case, you should use a ZMODEM window to force the sending end to expect an `OK' acknowledgement every few packets.
sz -w1024Will specify a window of 1024 bytes.-- Ian!!
Published in Linux Gazette Issue 19, July 1997
This page maintained by the Editor of Linux Gazette,
Copyright © 1997 Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc."Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
Contents:
News in General
SPAM Counter Attack!
If you'd like to have your voice heard regarding SPAM mail, why don't you consider writing a letter to your representative?
If you're not sure of who your representatives are, check the Congressional websites:
- House: http://www.house.gov/writerep/
- Senate: http://www.senate.gov/senator/index.html
The postal addresses for your members are:
The Honorable (Senator name) The Honorable (Rep. name) Washington, DC 20510 Washington, DC 20515 The letter doesn't have to be long... two paragraphs is as effective as 10 pages. And you don't need to write different letters, the same one can be sent to each Member. (Just remember to change the mailing address!)
The Center for Disabled Student Services at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City Utah, today announced it's newly re-designed linux-access web pages. linux-access is a mailing list hosted by CDSS which is used by both developers and users of the Linux operating system in order to aid development and integration of access related technology into the Linux OS and available software.
Both users and developers of Linux are encouraged to join the mailing list and help Linux become more accessible to everyone. Among those encouraged to subscribe to the list are companies making Linux distributions so that they can incorporate access technology into their products as well as get valuable feedback from users.
Location of the new pages is at: http://ssv1.union.utah.edu/linux-access/.
Location of the blinux FTP mirror is at ftp://ssv1.union.utah.edu/pub/mirrors/blinux/.An archive of the mailing list can be found on the Linux v2 Information HQ site at: http://www.linuxhq.com/lnxlists/linux-access/.
The U.S. Supreme Court extended free-speech rights to cyberspace in its recent ruling striking down a federal law that restricted indecent pictures and words on the Internet computer network.
The court declared the law that bans the dissemination of sexually explicit material to anyone younger than 18 unconstitutional.
"Notwithstanding the legitimacy and importance of the congressional goal of protecting children from harmful materials, we agree ... that the statute abridges 'freedom of speech' protected by the First Amendment," Justice John Paul Stevens said for the court majority in the 40-page opinion.
The ruling represented a major victory for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and groups representing libraries, publishers and the computer on-line industry, which brought the lawsuit challenging the law.
Matthew Borowski has created a new website featuring Linux information. Entitled "Linux - THE POWER OS", and featuring Linux links, software, help, and a discussion forum, Linux - THE POWER OS is also a member of the Linux Webring.
The software listing is top-of-the-line, featuring a list of powerful applications that will change the way you make use of Linux. The modem setup section will help you get your modem working under Linux, and the StarOffice-miniHOWTO will help fix Libc problems when installing Staroffice under Linux.
If you have a chance, visit "Linux - THE POWER OS" at: http://www.jnpcs.com/mkb/linux or http://www.mkb.home.ml.org/linux/
For more information write to
The Linux for PowerPC project announces its June 1997 CD of the Linux operating system for the PowerPC. The CD is the second release following the first one in January 1997. The June release is significantly faster and has improved memory handling. It now contains over 400 different software packages and everything needed to install and run Linux on any of the PowerPC machines manufactured by Be Inc, Apple Computer, IBM, Motorola and most other manufactures of PowerPC computers. Go to http://www.linuxppc.org/ to order your own CD or to find out more about
Check out http://sunsite.unc.edu/paulc/liv
This lets you view the contents of SunSITE's /pub/Linux/Incoming directory, but extracts all the descriptions out of the map files (.lsm) and displays them in a table. It has links for 24 hours/7 day/14 day and 28 day lists.
Caldera has announced that it will give a free copy of OpenLinux Lite on CD-ROM for each group member of GLUE. Caldera, Inc. (http://www.caldera.com/) is located in Provo, Utah. For full details on GLUE and to register your group as a member, visit the GLUE web site at http://www.ssc.com/glue.
Software Announcements
World-Wide Web (WWW) Applications and Hypertext-based Information about LINUX. It is ready configured for the Slackware Distribution and currently tested with Version 3.2 (ELF). The Power Linux LST Distribution contains this collection as an integral part with some changes.
The Collection consists of five Parts, so it can be used for multiple purposes depending on the installed Parts:
The five Parts of Woven Goods for LINUX are:
- World-wide Web Browser The World-wide Web Browser from Netscape for X11 and Lynx for ASCII terminals.
- LINUX Documents The LINUX Documents contain the HTML Pages of Woven Goods for LINUX, FAQs, HOWTOs, LDP Documents and more in different formats like Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Text, PDF and Postscript.
- World-wide Web Server The Apache World-wide Web Server with additional CGI Scripts for Statistics, viewing MAN Pages and Counters, Glimpse Search Engine and the Documentation for Apache Server. Furthermore the Apache Module PHP/FI as well as the BSCW system and the necessary Python interpreter are included.
- Hypertext Markup Language The HTML-Editor asWedit allows the creation of HTML-Pages. Some Graphic Tools allow the creation and modification of GIFs.
- External Viewers The external Viewers are nessesary to present Information which can not be viewed by the WWW Browsers. Only the usefull Viewers (xanim, acroread, ia, raplayer, str, splay, swplayer, vrweb, etc.) are included which are not part of the Slackware Distribution (xv, ghostview, showaudio).
Availabilty & Download
Woven Goods for LINUX is available via anonymous FTP from: ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/Linux/woven
Installation
For Installation Instructions see the Installation Guide: ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/Linux/woven/README.install or http://www.fokus.gmd.de/linux/install.html
Qbib is a bibliography management system based on Qddb. Features include the Qddb database, import BibTeX .bib giles, custom export options and a friendly user-interface just to name a few.
For more information about Qbib (including an on-line manual), see http://www.hsdi.com/qddb/commercial
To order Qbib or other Qddb products/services, visit the Qddb store: http://www.hsdi.com/qddb/orders
WipeOut is an integrated development environment for C++ and Java. It contains project manager, class browser, make tool, central text editor with syntax highlighting and a debugger frontend. WipeOut is available for Linux and SunOS/Solaris both under XView.
For the new release we have especially extended the class browser and the text editor. Check out the changes list for all new features and fixed bugs.
You can obtain the software and documentation at: http://www.softwarebuero.de/ndex-eng.html
Published in Linux Gazette Issue 19, July 1997
This page written and maintained by the Editor of Linux Gazette,
Copyright © 1997 Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc."Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
The Answer Guy
By James T. Dennis,
Starshine Technical Services, http://www.starshine.org/
Contents:
- Mounting Disks Under Red Hat 4.0
- Weird LILO Problems
- Running FileRunner
- Adding Linux To a DEC XLT-366
- Disk Support
- Legibility
- MetroX Problems
- Installing Linux
- Adding Programs to the Pull Down Menus
- Linux Skip
- ActiveX for Linux
- Bash String Manipulations
- Blinking Underline Cursor
- File Permissions
Mounting Disks Under Red Hat 4.0
From: Bigby, Bruce W.
Hi. The RedHat 4.0 control-panel has an interesting problem. I have two entries in my /etc/fstab file for my SCSI Zip Drive--one for mounting a Win95 Zip removable disk and another for mounting a removable Linux ext2fs disk--
/dev/sda4 /mnt/zip ext2fs rw,noauto 0 0 /dev/sda4 /mnt/zip95 vfat rw,noauto 0 0I do this so that I can easily mount a removable zip disk by supplying only the appropriate mount point to the mount command--for example, by supplyingmount /mnt/zipwhen I want to mount a Linux ext2fs disk, andmount /mnt/zip95when I want to mount a Windows 95 Zip disk.
Yes, I do this all the time (except that I use the command line for all of this -- and vi to edit my fstab). I also add the "user" and a bunch of "nosuid,nodev,..." parameters to my options field. This allows me or my wife (the only two users with console access to the machine) to mount a new magneto optical, floppy, or CD without having to 'su').
/dev/sda4 /mnt/zip ext2fs rw,noauto 0 0In addition, the utility also modifies my original /etc/fstab. I do not
(My current guess -- totally unsubstantiated by even an inside rumor -- is that they'll shoot for integrating glibc -- the GNU C library -- into their next release. That would be a big enough job to warrant a jump in release numbers).
The really important question here is why you aren't asking the support team at RedHat (or at least posting to their "bugs@" address). This 'control-panel' is certainly specific to Red Hat's package.
According to the bash man page, bash is supposed to source the .profile, or .profile_bash, in my home directory. However, when I login, bash does not source my .profile. How can I ensure that bash sources the .profile of my login account--$HOME/.profile?
You might have an (empty?) ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bash_login (the man page looks for these in that order -- with .profile being the last -- and only it sources the first of them that it finds).
You might have something weird in your /etc/profile or /etc/bashrc that's preventing your ~/.bash_* or ~/.profile from being sourced.
Finally you might want to double check that you really are running bash as your login shell. There could be all sorts of weird bugs in your configuration that effectively start bash and fail to signal to it that this is a "login" shell.
Normally login exec()'s bash with an "ARG[0]" of "-bash" (preceding the name with a dash). I won't get into the gory details -- but if you were logging in with something that failed to do this: bash wouldn't "know" that it was a login shell -- and would behave as though it were a "secondary" shell (like you invoked it from your editor)).
If all else fails go over to prep.ai.mit.edu and grab the latest version of the GNU bash sources. Compile them yourself.
-- Jim
From: David Runnels
Hi Jim. I read your column in the Linux Gazette and I have a question. (If I should have submitted it some other way I apologize.)
The confusing thing about Linux is that it can be booted in so many ways. In a "normal" configuration you have Lilo as the master boot program (on the first hard drive -- in the first sector of track 0 -- with the partition table). Another common configuration places lilo in the "superblock" (logical boot record) of the Linux "root" partition (allowing the DOS boot block, or the OS/2 or NT boot manager -- or some third party package like System Commander) to process the partition table and select the "active" partition -- which *might* be the Linux root partition.
Less common ways of loading Linux: use LOADLIN.EXE (or SYSLINUX.EXE) -- which are DOS programs that can load a Linux kernel (kicking DOS out from under them so to speak), put Lilo on a floppy (which is otherwise blank) -- or on a none Linux boot block (which sounds like your situation).
Two others: You can put Lilo on a floppy *with* a Linux kernel -- or you can even write a Linux kernel to a floppy with no lilo. That last option is rarely used.
The point of confusion is this: LILO loads the Linux kernel using BIOS calls. It offers one the opportunity to pass parameters to the kernel (compiled into it's boot image via the "append" directive in /etc/lilo.conf -- or entered manually at boot time at the lilo prompt).
Another source of confusion is the concept that LILO is a block of code and data that's written to a point that's outside the filesystems on a drive -- /sbin/lilo is a program that writes this block of boot code according to a set of directives in the /etc/lilo.conf. It's best to think of the program /sbin/lilo as a "compiler" that "compiles" a set of boot images according to the lilo.conf and writes them to some place outside of your filesystem.
Yet another source of confusion is that the Linux kernel has a number of default parameters compiled into it. These can be changed using the 'rdev' command (which was originally used to set the "root device" flags in a kernel image file). 'rdev' basically patches values into a file. It can be be used to set the "root device," the "initial video mode" and a number of other things. Some of these settings can be over-ridden via the LILO prompt and append lines. LOADLIN.EXE can also pass parameters to the kernel that it loads.
There's a big difference between using a kernel image written directly on a floppy -- and a LILO that's built to load an image that's located on a floppy filesystem (probably minix or ext2fs). With LILO the kernel must be located on some device that is accessible with straight BIOS calls.
This usually prevents one from using LILO to boot off of a third IDE or SCSI disk drive (since most systems require a software driver to allow DOS or other OS' to "see" these devices). I say "usually" because there are some BIOS' and especially some BIOS extensions on some SCSI and EIDE controllers that may allow LILO to access devices other than the first two floppies and the first two hard drives. However, those are rare. Most PC hardware can only "see" two floppy drives and two hard drives -- which must be on the same controller -- until an OS loads some sort of drivers.
In the case where a kernel is directly located on the raw floppy -- and in the case where the kernel is located on the floppy with LILO -- the kernel has the driver code for your root device (and controllers) built in. (There are also complex new options using 'initrd' -- an "initial RAM disk" which allows a modular kernel to load the drivers for it's root devices.
Yet another thing that's confusing to the DOS user -- and most transplants from other forms of Unix -- is that the kernel doesn't have to be located on the root device. In fact LOADLIN.EXE requires that the kernel be located on a DOS filesystem.
To make matters more complicated you can have multiple kernels on any filesystem, any of them might use any filesystem as their root device and these relationships (between kernel and root device/filesystem can be set in several ways -- i.e. by 'rdev' or at compile time, vs. via the LOADLIN or LILO command lines).
I recommend that serious Linux users reserve a small (20 or 30 Mb) partition with just a minimal installation of the root/base Linux software on it. This should be on a separate device from your main Linux filesystems.
Using this you have an alternative (hard drive based) boot method which is much faster and more convenient than digging out the installation boot/root floppies (or having to go to a working machine and build a new set!). I recommend the same thing for most Solaris and FreeBSD installations. If you have a DOS filesystem on the box -- at least stash a copy of LOADLIN.EXE and a few copies of your favorite kernels in C:\LINUX\ (or wherever).
Now that more PC SCSI cards support booting off of CD-ROM's (a feature that's been long overdue!) you can get by without heeding my advice -- IF YOU HAVE SUCH A CONTROLLER AND A CD TO MATCH.
(Incidentally -- I found out quite by accident that the Red Hat 4.1 CD is "bootable" on Adaptec 2940 controllers -- if you have the Adaptec configured to allow it. I've also heard that the NCR SymBIOS PCI controller supports this -- though I haven't tested that yet).
In any event we should all make "rescue disks" -- unfortunately these are trickier than they should be. Look for the Bootdisk HOWTO for real details about this.
If that fails you can try to 'fsck' it. After that it's probably a matter of reinstallation and restoring from backups.
Dave Runnels
David E. Stern I wanted to let you know that you were right about relying too heavily on rpm. In the distant past, I used file text-based file compression utilities, so I tried it again and tarballs are actually quite nice. I also found that rpm --nodeps will help. Tarballs are also nice because not all apps are distributed with rpm. (bonus! :-) I'm also told that multiple versions of tcl/tlk can peacably coexist, although rpm won't allow it by default. Another ploy with rpm which I didn't see documented was that to avoid circular dependencies, update multiple rpms at the same time; i.e.: rpm -Uvh app1.rpm app2.rpm app3.rpm . Another thing I learned about was that there are some non-standard (contributed) libraries that are required for certain apps, like afio and xpm. Thanks for the great ideas and encouragement.
The end goal: to install FileRunner, I simply MUST have it! My intermediate goal is to install Tcl/Tk 7.6/4.2, because FileRunner needs these to install, and I only have 7.5/4.1 . However, when I try to upgrade tcl/tlk, other apps rely on older tcl/tk libraries, at least that's what the messages allude to:
libtcl7.5.so is needed by some-app libtk4.1.so is needed by some-app(where some-app is python, expect, blt, ical, tclx, tix, tk, tkstep,...)
I have enough experience to know that apps may break if I upgrade the libraries they depend on. I've tried updating some of those other apps, but I run into further and circular dependencies--like a cat chasing it's tail.
In your opinion, what is the preferred method of handling this scenario? I must have FileRunner, but not at the expense of other apps.
One method would be to grab the sources (SRPM or tarball) and manually compile the new TCL and tk into /usr/local (possibly with some changes to their library default paths, etc). Now you'll probably need to grab the FileRunner sources and compile that to force it to use the /usr/local/wish or /usr/local/tclsh (which, in turn, will use the /usr/local/lib/tk if you've compiled it all right).
Another approach is to set up a separate environment (separate disk, a large subtree of an existing disk -- into which you chroot, or a separate system entirely) and test the upgrade path where it won't inconvenience you by failing. A similar approach is to do a backup, test your upgrade plan -- (if the upgrade fails, restore the backup).
Complex interdepencies are unavoidable unless you require that every application be statically linked and completely self-sufficient (without even allowing their configuration files to be separate. So this will remain an aspect of system administration where experience and creativity are called for (and a good backup may be the only thing between you and major inconvenience).
-- Jim
From: Alex Pikus
I have a DEC XLT-366 with NTS4.0 and I would like to add Linux to it. I have been running Linux on an i386 for a while.
I have created 3 floppies:
- Linload.exe and MILO (from DEC site)
- Linux kernel 2.0.25
- RAM disk
I have upgrade AlphaBIOS to v5.24 (latest from DEC) and added a Linux boot option that points to a:\
showorboot ...at the MILO I get the following result ...SCSI controller gets identified as NCR810 on IRQ 28 ... test1 runs and gets stuck "due to a lost interrupt" and the system hangs ...
In WinNTS4.0 the NCR810 appears on IRQ 29.
(I happened to discover that the Red Hat Linux 4.1 (Intel) CD-ROM was bootable when I was working with one system that had an Adaptec 2940 controller where that was set as an option. This feature is also quite common on other Unix platforms such as SPARC and PA-RISC systems -- so it is a rather late addition to the PC world).
Alex.
From: Andrew Ng
Dear Sir, I have a question to ask: Does Linux support disks with density 2048bytes/sector?
Linux, other the other hand, does support most hardware (without drivers being supplied by the hardware manufacturers). Granted we get some co-operation from many manufacturers. Some even contribute code to the main kernel development.
We prefer the model where the hardware manufacturer releases free code to drive their hardware -- whether that code is written for Linux, FreeBSD or any other OS. Release it once and all OS' can port and benefit by it.
Currently NT has a couple of advantages: Microsoft is a large company with lots of money to spend on marketing and packaging. They are very aggressive in making "partnerships" and building "strategic relationships" with the management of large companies.
Microsoft has slowly risen to dominance in the core applications markets (word processors, spreadsheets, and databases). Many industry "insiders" (myself included) view this as being the result of "trust"-worthy business practices (a.k.a. "verging on monopolistic").
In other words may people believe that MS Word isn't the dominant word processor because it is technically the superior product -- but because MS was able to supply the OS features they needed when they wanted (and perhaps able to slip the schedules of certain releases during the critical development phases of their competitors).
The fact that the OS, and the principal programming tools, and the major applications are all from the same source has generated a amazing amount of market antagonism towards Microsoft. (Personally I think it's a bit extreme -- but I can understand how many people feel "trapped" and understand the frustration of thinking that there's "no choice").
Linux doesn't have a single dominant applications suite. There are several packages out there -- Applixware, StarOffice, Caldera's Internet Office Suite. Hopefully Corel's Java Office will also be a useful to Linux, FreeBSD and other users (including Windows and NT).
In addition to these "suites" there are also several individual applications like Wingz (a spreadsheet system), Mathematica, (the premier symbolic mathematics package), LyX (the free word processor -- LaTeX front-end -- that's under development), Empress, /rdb (database systems), Flagship and dbMan IV (xBase database development packages), Postgres '95, mSQL, InfoFlex, Just Logic's SQL, MySQL (database servers) and a many more. (Browse through the Linux Journal _Buyer's_Guide_ for a large list -- also waltz around the web a bit).
Microsoft's SQL Server for NT is getting to be pretty good. Also, there are alot of people who program for it -- more than you'll find for InfoFlex, Postgres '95 etc. A major problem with SQL is that the servers are all different enough to call for significant differences in the front end applications -- which translates to lots of programmer time (and money!) if you switch from one to another. MS has been very successful getting companies to adopt NT Servers for their "small" SQL projects (which has been hurting the big three -- Oracle, Sybase and Informix). Unfortunately for Linux -- database programmers and administrators are very conservative -- they are a "hard sell."
So Linux -- despite the excellent stability and performance -- is not likely to make a significant impact as a database server for a couple of years at least. Oracle, Sybase and Informix have "strategic relationships" with SCO, Sun, and other Unix companies.
The established Unix companies viewed Linux as a threat until recently. They now seem to see it as a mixed blessing. On the up side Linux has just about doubled the number of systems running Unix-like OS', attracted somewhere between two and eight million new converts away from the "Wintel" paradigm, and even wedged a little bit of "choice" into the minds of the industry media. On the down side SCO can no longer charge thousands of dollars for the low end of their systems. This doesn't really affect Sun, DEC, and HP so much -- since they are primarily hardware vendors who only got into the OS business to keep their iron moving out the door. SCO and BSDI have the tough fight since the bulk of their business is OS sales.
(Note: BSDI is *not* to be confused with the FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, or 386BSD (Jolix) packages. They are a company that produces a commercial Unix, BSDI/OS. The whole Free|Net|Open-BSD set of programming projects evolved out of the work of Mr. and Mrs. Jolitz -- which was called 386BSD -- and I call "Jolix" -- a name with I also spotted in the _Using_C-Kermit_ book from Digital Press).
So there don't seem to be any Oracle, SyBase, or Informix servers available for Linux. The small guys like JustLogic and InfoFlex have an opportunity here -- but it's a small crack in a heavy door and some of them are likely to get their toes broken in the process.
Meanwhile NT will keep getting market share -- because their entry level still a tiny fraction of the price of any of the "big guys."
I've just barely scratched the tip of the iceberg (to thoroughly blend those metaphors). There are so many other aspects of comparison it's hard to even list them -- let alone talk about who Linux and NT measure up to them.
It's also important to realize that it's not just NT vs. Linux. There are many forms of Unix -- most of them are quite similar to Linux from a user and even from an administrators point of view. There are many operating systems that are vastly different than either NT (which is supposed to be fundamentally based on VMS) and the various Unix variants.
There are things like Sprite (a Berkeley research project), Amoeba and Chorus (distributed network operating systems), EROS, and many others.
Here's a link where you can find out more about operating systems in general: Yahoo! Computers and Internet: Operating Systems: Research
-- Jim
From: Robert E Glacken
I use a 256 shade monochrome monitor. The QUESTIONS are invisible.
I wouldn't expect much from a monochrome monitor set to show 256 (or even 127) shades of grey. That's almost no one in the PC/Linux world that uses those -- so there almost no one that tunes their color tables and applications to support it.
Suggestions -- get a color screen -- or drop the GUI and use text mode.
-- Jim
From: Allen Atamer
I am having trouble setting up my XServer. Whether or not I use MetroX or Xfree86 to set it up it's still not working.
When I originally chose metrox to install, i got to the setup screen, chose my card and resolution, saved and exited. Then i started up the xwindows, and my screen loaded the Xserver, but the graphics were all messed up. I exited, then changed some settings, and now i can't even load the xserver. The Xerrors file says it had problems loading the 'core'.
MetroX and XFree86 each have their own support pages on the web -- and there are several X specific newsgroups where you'd find people who are much better with X than I.
Before you go there to post I'd suggest that you type up the type of video card and monitor you have in excruciating detail -- and make sure you go through the X HOWTO's and the Red Hat manual. Also be sure to check the errata page at Red Hat (http://www.redhat.com/errata.html) -- this will let you know about any problems that were discovered after the release of 4.1.
One other thing you might try is getting the new version (4.2 -- Biltmore) -- and check it's errata sheet. You can buy a new set of CD's (http://www.cheapbytes.com is one inexpensive source) or you can use up a bunch of bandwidth by downloading it all. The middle road is to to download just the parts you need.
I notice (looking at the errata sheets as I type this) that XFree86 is up to version 3.3.1 (at least). This upgrade is apparently primarily to fix some buffer overflow (security) problems in the X libraries.
To find out the device name for your CD use the mount command BEFORE you unmount the other CD. It will show each mounted device and the current mount point.
Personally I use /mnt/cd as my mount point for most CD's. I recommend adding an entry to your /etc/fstab file (the "filesystems table" for Unix/Linux) that looks something like this:
# /etc/fstab /dev/scd0 /mnt/cd iso9660 noauto,ro,user,nodev,nosuid 0 0This will allow you to use the mount and umount commands as a normal user (without the need to su to 'root').
I also recommend changing the permissions of the mount command to something like:
-rwsr-x--- 1 root console 26116 Jun 3 1996 /bin/mount(chgrp console `which mount && chmod 4550 `which mount`)... so that only members of the group "console" can use the mount command. Then add your normal user account to that group.
The idea of all this is to strike a balance between the convenience and reduced "fumblefingers" exposure of running the privileged command as a normal user -- and the potential for (as yet undiscovered buffer overflows) to compromise the system by "guest" users.
(I recommend similar procedures for ALL SUID binaries -- but this is an advanced issue that goes *WAY* beyond the scope of this question).
Allen, You really need to get a copy of the "Getting Started" guide from the Linux Documentation Project. This can be downloaded and printed (there's probably a copy on your CD's) or you can buy the professionally bound editions from any of several publishers -- my favorite being O'Reilly & Associates (http://www.ora.com).
Remember that the Linux Gazette "Answer Guy" is no substitute for reading the manuals and participating in Linux newsgroups and mailing lists.
-- Jim
From: Aryeh Goretsky
However, fsck doesn't touch your MBR -- it will check your superblock and recommand a command to restore the superblock from one of the backups if yours is damaged. Normally the newfs (like MS-DOS' FORMAT) or mke2fs (basically the same thing) will scatter extra copies of the superblock every 8K sectors across the filesystem (or so). So there are usually plenty of backups.
So, usually, you'd just run fdisk to check your partitions and /sbin/lilo to write a new MBR (or other boot sector). /sbin/lilo will also update its own "map" file -- and may (optionally) make a backup of your original boot sector or MBR.
(Note: There was an amusing incident on one of the mailing lists or newsgroups -- in which a user complained that Red Hat had "infected his system with a virus." It turns out that lilo had moved the existing (PC/MBR) virus from his MBR to a backup file -- where it was finally discovered. So, lilo had actually *cured* his system of the virus).
Actually when you run /sbin/lilo you're "compiling" the information in the /etc/lilo.conf file and writing that to the "boot" location -- which you specify in the .conf file.
You can actually call your lilo.conf anything you like -- and you can put it anywhere you like -- you'd just have to call /sbin/lilo with a -C switch and a path/file name. /etc/lilo.conf is just the built-in default which the -C option over-rides.
Here's a copy of my lilo.conf (which I don't actually use -- since I use LOADLIN.EXE on this system). As with many (most?) Unix configuration files the comments start with hash (#) signs.
boot=/dev/hda # write the resulting boot block to my first IDE hard drive's MBR. # if this was /dev/hdb4 (for example) /sbin/lilo would write the # resulting block to the logical boot record on the fourth partition # of my second IDE hard drive. /dev/sdc would mean to write it to # the MBR of the third SCSI disk. # /sbin/lilo will print a warning if the boot location is likely to # be inaccessible to most BIOS' (i.e. would require a software driver # for DOS to access it). ## NOTE: Throughout this discussion I use /sbin/lilo to refer to the ## Linux executable binary program and LILO to refer to the resulting ## boot code that's "compiled" and written by /sbin/lilo to whatever ## boot sector your lilo.conf calls for. I hope this will minimize the ## confusion -- though I've liberally re-iterated this with parenthetical ## comments as well. # The common case is to put boot=/dev/fd0H1440 to specify that the # resulting boot code should be written to a floppy in the 1.44Mb # "A:" drive when /sbin/lilo is run. Naturally this would require # that you use this diskette to boot any of the images and "other" # stanzas listed in the rest of this file. Note that the floppy # could be completely blank -- no kernel or files are copied to it # -- just the boot sector! map=/boot/map # This is where /sbin/lilo will store a copy of the map file -- # which contains the cylinder/sector/side address of the images # and message files (see below) # It's important to re-run /sbin/lilo to regenerate the map # file any time you've done anything that might move any of # these image or message files (like defragging the disk, # restoring any of these images from a backup -- that sort # of thing!). install=/boot/boot.b # This file contains code for LILO (the boot loader) -- this is # an optional directive -- and necessary in this case since it # simply specifies the default location. prompt # This instructs the LILO boot code to prompt the user for # input. Without this directive LILO would just wait # upto "delay" time (default 0 tenths of a second -- none) # and boot using the default stanza. # if you leave this and the "timeout" directives out -- # but you put in a delay=X directive -- then LILO won't # prompt the user -- but will wait for X tenths of a second # (600 is 10 seconds). During that delay the user can hit a # shift key, or any of the NumLock, Scroll Lock type keys to # request a LILO prompt. timeout=50 # This sets the amount of time LILO (the boot code) will # wait at the prompt before proceeding to the default # 0 means 'wait forever' message=/etc/lilo.message # this directive tells /sbin/lilo (the conf. "compiler") to # include the contents of this message in the prompt which LILO # (the boot code) displays at boot time. It is a handy place to # put some site specific help/reminder messages about what # you call your kernels and where you put your alternative bootable # partitions and what you're going to do to people who reboot your # Linux server without a very good reason. other=/dev/hda1 label=dos table=/dev/hda # This is a "stanza" # the keyword "other" means that this is referring to a non-Linux # OS -- the location tells LILO (boot code) where to find the # "other" OS' boot code (in the first partition of the first IDE -- # that's a DOS limitation rather than a Linux constraint). # The label directive is an arbitrary but unique name for this stanza # to allow one to select this as a boot option from the LILO # (boot code) prompt. # Because it is the first stanza it is the the default OS -- # LILO will boot this partition if it reaches timeout or is # told not to prompt. You could also over-ride that using a # default=$labelname$ directive up in the "global" section of the # file. image=/vmlinuz label=linux root=/dev/sda5 read-only # This is my "normal" boot partition and kernel. # the "root" directive is a parameter that is passed to the # kernel as it loads -- to tell the kernel where its root filesystem # is located. The "read-only" is a message to the kernel to initially # mount the root filesystem read-only -- so the rc (AUTOEXEC.BAT) # scripts can fsck (do filesystem checks -- like CHKDSK) on it. # Those rc scripts will then normally remount the fs in "read/write" # mode. image=/vmlinuz.old label=old root=/dev/sda5 append= single read-only # This example is the same except that it loads a different kernel # (presumably and older one -- duh!). The append= directive allows # me to pass arbitrary directives on to the kernel -- I could use this # to tell the kernel where to find my Ethernet card in I/O, IRQ, and # DMA space -- here I'm using it to tell the kernel that I want to come # up in "single-user" (fix a problem, don't start all those networking # gizmos) mode. image=/mnt/tmp/vmlinuz label=alt root=/dev/sdb1 read-only # This last example is the most confusing. My image is on some other # filesystem (at the time that I run /sbin/lilo to "compile" this # stanza). The root fs is on the first partition of the 2nd SCSI drive. # It is likely that /dev/sdb1 would be the filesystem mounted under # /mnt/tmp when I would run /sbin/lilo. However it's not "required" # My kernel image file could be on any filesystem that was mounted # /sbin/lilo will warn me if the image is likely to be inaccessible # by the BIOS -- it's can't say for sure since there are a lot of # BIOS' out there -- some of the newer SCSI BIOS' will boot off of a # CD-ROM!I hope that helps. The lilo.conf man page (in section 5) gives *lots* more options -- like the one I just saw while writing this that allows you to have a password for each of your images -- or for the whole set. Also there are a number of kernel options described in the BootPrompt-HOWTO. One of the intriguing ones is panic= -- which allows you to tell the Linux kernel how long to sit there displaying a kernel panic. The default is "forever" -- but you can use the append= line in your lilo.conf to pass a panic= parameter to your kernel -- telling it how many seconds to wait before attempting to reboot.
In the years that I've used Linux I've only seen a couple (like two or three) kernel panics (that could be identified as such). Perhaps a dozen times I've had a Linux system freeze or go comatose enough that I hard reset it. (Most of those involve very bad hardware IRQ conflicts). Once I've even tricked my kernel into scribbling garbage all over one of my filesystems (don't play with linear and membase in your XConfig file -- and, in particular don't specify a video memory base address that's inside of your system's RAM address space).
So I'm not sure if setting a panic= switch would help much. I'd be much more inclined to get a hardware watchdog timer card and enable the existing support for that in the kernel. Linux is the only PC OS that I know of that comes with this support "built-in"
For those that aren't familiar with them a watchdog timer card is a card (typically taking an ISA slot) that implements a simple count-down and reset (strobing the reset line on the system bus) feature. This is activated by a driver (which could be a DOS device driver, a Netware Loadable Module, or a little chunk of code in the Linux kernel. Once started the card must be updated periodically (the period is set as part of the activation/update). So -- if the software hangs -- the card *will* strobe the reset line.
(Note: this isn't completely fool-proof. Some hardware states might require a complete power cycle and some sorts of critical server failures will render the systems services unavailable without killing the timer driver software. However it is a good sight better than just hanging).
These cards cost about $100 (U.S.) -- which is a pity since there's only about $5 worth of hardware there. I think most Sun workstations have this feature designed into the motherboard -- which is what PC manufacturers should scramble to do.
At 11:43 AM 6/10/97 -0700, you wrote: Subject: Once again, I try to install Linux... ...and fail miserably. This is getting depressing. Someone wanna explain this whole superblock concept to me? Use small words....
A superblock is the Unix term for a logical boot record. Linux uses normal partitions that are compatible with the DOS, OS/2, NT (et al) hard disk partitioning scheme.
To boot Linux you can use LILO (the Linux loader) which can be written to your MBR (most common), to your "superblock" or to the "superblock" of a floppy. This little chunk of code contains a reference (or "map") to the device and logical sector of one or more Linux kernels or DOS (or OS/2) bootable partitions.
There is a program called "lilo" which "compiles" a lilo.conf (configuration file) into this LILO "boot block" and puts it onto the MBR, superblock or floppy boot block for you. This is the source of most of the confusion about LILO. I can create a boot floppy with nothing put this boot block on it -- no kernel, no filesystems, nothing. LILO doesn't care where I put any of my linux kernels -- so long as it can get to it using BIOS calls (which usually limits you to putting the kernel on the one of the first two drives connected to the first drive controller on your system).
Another approach is to use LOADLIN.EXE -- this is a DOS program that loads a Linux (or FreeBSD) kernel. The advantage of this is that you can have as many kernel files as you like, and they can be located on any DOS accessible device (even if you had to load various weird device drivers to be able to see that device.
LOADLIN.EXE is used by some CD-ROM based installation packages -- avoiding the necessity of using a boot floppy.
The disadvantages of LOADLIN include the fact that you may have loaded some device drivers and memory managers that have re-mapped (hooked into) critical BIOS interrupt vectors. LOADLIN often needs a "boot time hardware vector table" (which it usually writes as C:\REALBIOS.INT -- a small hidden/system file). Creating this file involves booting from a "stub" floppy (which saves the table) and rebooting/restarting the LOADLIN configuration to tell it to copy the table from the floppy to your HD. This must be done whenever you change video cards, add any controller with a BIOS extension (a ROM) or otherwise play with the innards of your machine.
Call me and we can go over your configuration to narrow down the discussion. If you like you can point your web browser at www.ssc.com/lg and look for articles by "The Answer Guy" there. I've described this a greater length in some of my articles there.
-- Jim
From: Ronald B. Simon
Thank you for responding to my request. By the way I am using RedHat release 4 and I think TheNextLevel window manager. I did find a .fvwm2rc.programs tucked away in...
Also -- when you think your X session is locked up -- try the Ctrl-Alt-Fx key (where Fx is the function key that corresponds to one of your virtual consoles). This should switch you out of GUI mode and into your normal console environment. You might also try Alt-SysReq (Print-Screen on most keyboards) followed by a digit from the alphanumeric portion of you keyboard (i.e. NOT from the numeric keypad). This is an alternative binding for VC switching that might be enabled on a few systems. If all of that fails you can try Ctrl-Alt-Backspace. This should (normally) signal the X server to shutdown.
Mostly I doubt that your server actually hung. I suspect that you confused it a bit by running a non-X program not "backgrounded" (you DO need those trailing ampersands) and failing to supply it with communications channel back to X (an xterm).
Please remember that my knowlege of X is very weak. I hardly ever use and almost never administer/customize it. So you'll want to look at the L.U.S.T. mailing list, or the comp.windows.x or (maybe) the comp.os.linux.x (although there is nothing to these questions which is Linux specific). I looked extensively for information about TheNextLevel on the web (in Yahoo! and Alta Vista). Unfortunately the one page that almost all of the references pointed to was down
The FVWM home page is at: http://www3.hmc.edu/~tkelly/docs/proj/fvwm.html
-- Jim
From: Jesse Montrose
Greetings, this question is intended for the Answer Guy associated with the Linux Gazette..
I've recently discovered and enjoyed your column in the Linux Gazette, I'm hoping you might have news about a linux port of sun's skip ip encryption protocol.
Here's the blurb from skip.incog.com: SKIP secures the network at the IP packet level. Any networked application gains the benefits of encryption, without requiring modification. SKIP is unique in that an Internet host can send an encrypted packet to another host without requiring a prior message exchange to set up a secure channel. SKIP is particularly well-suited to IP networks, as both are stateless protocols. Some of the advantages of SKIP include:
- No connection setup overhead
- High availability - encryption gateways that fail can reboot and resume decrypting packets instantly, without having to renegotiate (potentially thousands) of existing connections
- Allows uni-directional IP (for example, IP broadcast via satellite or cable)
- Scalable multicast key distribution
- SKIP gateways can be configured in parallel to perform instant-failover
So far I've paid a bit more attention to the Free S/WAN project that's being promoted by John Gilmore of the EFF. I finally got ahold of a friend of mine (Hugh Daniel -- one of the architects of Sun's NeWS project -- and well-known cypherpunk and computer security professional)
He explained that SKIP is the "Secure Key Interchange Protocol" -- that is is a key management protocol (incorporated in ISAKMP/Oakley).
For secure communications you need:
- Key management (which -- between strangers requires some sort of RSA (Public Key) or Diffie-Hellman key exchange or even some variant of elliptic curve -- from what I've heard).
- Encrypted Link (which will be built into IPv6 and will be available as IPSec extensions to IPv4 -- using tunnelled interfaces from what I gather).
- Secure-DNS (this is related to the key management problem -- we need a trustworthy source of public key information -- Verisign and Thawte offer commercial "Certification Authority" services -- but the 'net needs something a bit more open and standards based).
Hopefully FreeS/WAN will be available soon. You can do quite a bit with ssh (and I've heard of people who are experimenting with routing through some custom made tunnelled interface). FreeBSD and Linux both support IP tunneling now.
For information on using ssh and IP tunnels to build a custom VPN (virtual private network) look in this month's issue of Sys Admin Magazine (July '97). (Shameless plug: I have an article about C-Kermit appearing in the same issue).
Another method might be to get NetCrypto. Currently the package isn't available for Linux -- however McAfee is working on a port. Look at http://www.mcafee.com
-- Jim
From: Gerald Hewes
Jim, I read your response on ActiveX in the Linux Gazette. At ../issue18/lg_answer18.html#active
Software AG is porting the non GUI portions of ActiveX called DCOM to Linux. Their US site where it should be hosted appears down as I write this e-mail message but there is a link of their home page on a Linux DCOM beta: http:/www.sotwareag.com
The media "newshounds" have dragged these little bones around and gnawed on them until we've all seen them. Nonetheless I don't see its "main value to the Linux community."
These "components" or "reusable objects" will not make any difference so long as significant portions of their functionality are tied to specific OS (GUI) semantics. However, this coupling between specific OS' has been a key feature of each of these technologies.
It's Apple's OpenDoc, IBM's DSOM, and Microsoft's DSOM!
While I'm sure that each as their merits from the programmer's point of view (and I'm in no position to comment on their relative technical pros or cons) -- I have yet to see any *benefit* from a user or administrative point of view.
So I suppose the question here becomes:
Is there any ActiveX (DCOM) control (component) that delivers any real benefit to any Linux user? Do any of the ActiveX controls not have a GUI component to them? What does it mean to make the "non-GUI portions" of DCOM available? Is there any new network protocol that this gives us? If so, what is that protocol good for?
For more information, checkout http://www.microsoft.com/oledev
While I encourage people to browse around -- I think I'll wait until someone can point out one DCOM component, one JavaBean, one CORBA object, or one whatever-buzzword- you-want-to-call-it-today and can explain in simple "Duh! I'm a user!" terms what the *benefit* is.
Some time ago -- in another venue -- I provided the net with an extensive commentary on the difference between "benefits" and "features." The short form is this:
I benefit is relevant to your customer. To offer a benefit requires that you understand your customer. "Features" bear no relation to a customers needs. However mass marketing necessitates the promotion of features -- since the *mass* marketer can't address individual and niche needs.
Example: Microsoft operating systems offer a "easy to use graphical interfaces" -- first "easy to use" is highly subjective. In this case it means that there are options listed on menus and buttons and the user can guess at which ones apply to their need and experiment until something works. That is a feature -- one I personally loathe. To me "easy to use" means having documentation that includes examples that are close to what I'm trying to do -- so I can "fill in the blanks" Next there is the ubiquitously touted "GUI." That's another *feature*. To me it's of no benefit -- I spend 8 to 16 hours a day looking at my screen. Text mode screens are far easier on the eyes than any monitor in graphical mode.
To some people, such as the blind GUI's are a giant step backward in accessibility. The GUI literally threatens to cut these people off from vital employment resources.
I'm not saying that the majority of the world should abandon GUI's just because of a small minority of people who can't use them and a smaller, crotchety contingent of people like me that just don't like them. I'm merely trying to point out the difference between a "feature" and a "benefit."
The "writing wizards" offered by MS Word are another feature that I eschew. My writing isn't perfect and I make my share of typos, as well as spelling and grammatical errors. However Most of what I write goes straight from my fingers to the recipient -- no proofreading and no editing. When I've experimented with spell checkers and "fog indexes" I've consistently found that my discourse is beyond their capabilities -- much too specialized and involving far too much technical terminology. So I have to over-ride more than 90% of the "recommendations of these tools.
Although my examples have highlighted Microsoft products we can turn this around and talk about Linux' famed "32-bit power" and "robust stability." These, too are *features*. Stability is a benefit to someone who manages a server -- particularly a co-located server at a remote location. However the average desktop applications user could care less about stability. So long as their application manage to autosave the last three versions of his/her documents the occasional reboot is just a good excuse to go get a cup of coffee.
Multi-user is a feature. Most users don't consider this to be a benefit -- and the idea of sharing "their" system with others is thoroughly repugnant to most modern computer users. On top of that the network services features which implement multi-user access to Linux (and other Unix systems) and NT are gaping security problems so far as most IS users are concerned. So having a multi-user system is not a benefit to must of us. This is particularly true of the shell access that most people identify as *the* multi-user feature of Unix (as opposed to the file sharing and multiple user profiles, accounts and passwords that passes for "multi-user" under Windows for Workgroups and NT).
So, getting back to ActiveX/DCOM -- I've heard of all sorts of features. I'd like to hear about some benefits. Keep in mind that any feature may be a benefit to someone -- so benefits generally have to be expressed in terms of *who* is the beneficiary.
Allegedly programmers are the beneficiary of all these competing component and object schema. "Use our model and you'll be able to impress your boss with glitzy results in a fraction of the time it would take to do any programming" (that seems to be the siren song to seduce people to any of these).
So, who else benefits?
-- Jim
From: Niles Mills
Oddly enough -- while it is easy to redirect the standard error of processes under bash -- there doesn't seem to be an easy portable way to explicitly generate message or redirect output to stderr. The best method I've come up with is to use the /proc/ filesystem (process table) like so:
function error { echo "$*" > /proc/self/fd/2 }Hmmmm...how about good old
>&2?$ cat example #!/bin/bash echo normal echo error >&2 $ ./example normal error $ ./example > file error $ cat ./file normal $ bash -version $ bash -version bash -version GNU bash, version 1.14.4(1)Best Regards, Niles Mills
Niles Mills
From: Joseph Hartmann
I know an IBM compatible PC is "capable" of having a blinking underline cursor, or a blinking block cursor.
My linux system "came" with a blinking underline, which is very difficult to see. But I have not been able (for the past several hours) to make *any* headway about finding out how to change the cursor to a blinking block.
I had a friend who worked with me back at Peter Norton Computing -- he wrote a toy program that provided an animated cursor -- and had several need animated sequences to show with it -- a "steaming coffee cup," a "running man," and a "spinning galaxy" are the ones I remember.
If you wanted to do some kernel hacking it looks like you'd change the value of the "currcons" structure in one of the /usr/src/linux/drivers/char/ files -- maybe it would be "vga.c"
On the assumption that you are not interested in that approach (I don't blame you) I've copied the author of SVGATextMode (a utility for providing text console mode access to the advanced features of most VGA video cards)
Hopefully doesn't mind the imposition. Perhaps he can help.
I've also copied Eugene Crosser and Andries Brouwer the authors of the 'setfont' and 'mapscrn' programs (which don't seem to do cursors -- but do some cool console VGA stuff). 'setfont' lets you pick your text mode console font.
Finally I've copied Thomas Koenig who maintains the Kernel "WishList" in the hopes that he'll add this as a possible entry to that.
Any hints? Best Regards,
-- Jim
From: John Gotschall
Hi! I was wondering if anyone there knew how I might actually change the file permissions on one of my linux box's DOS partition.
I have Netscape running on one box on our local network, but it can't write to another linux box's MSDOS filesystem, when that filesystem is NFS mounted. It can write to various Linux directories that have proper permissions, but the MSDOS directory won't keep a permissions setting, it keeps it stuck as owned by, read by and execute by root.
You can change that with options to the mount (8) command. Specifically you want to use something like:
mount -t msdos -o uid=??,gid=??,umask=775... where you pick suitable values for the UID and GID from your /etc/passwd and /etc/group files (respectively).
The other culprit in this is the default behavior of NFS. For your own protection NFS defaults to using a feature called "root squash" (which is not a part of a vegetable). This prevents someone who has root access to some other system (as allowed by your /etc/exports file) from accessing your files with the same permissions as you're own local root account.
If you pick a better set of mount options (and put them in your /etc/fstab in the fourth field) then you won't have to worry about this feature. I DO NOT recommend that you over-ride that setting with the NFS no_root_squash option in the /etc/exports file (see 'man 5 exports' for details). I personally would *never* use that option with any export that was mounted read-only -- not even in my own home between two systems that have no live connection to the net! (I do use the no_root_squash option with the read-only option -- but that's a minor risk in my case).
This was a source of some confusion for me and I've never really gotten it straight to my satisfaction. Luckily I find that I hardly ever use my DOS partitions any more.
Copyright © 1997, James T. Dennis
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
Adventures in Linux: A Redhat Newbie Boldly Treks Onto the Internet Frontier
By A. Cliff Seruntine,
Ever tried using chat to dial out with your modem? If you have, then after a few hours of mind-numbing inproductivity you may have found yourself developing an odd, convulsive twitch and banging your head against your monitor? Another dozen hours of typing in reworded chat scripts and you will find yourself wishing the program was a living, tangible entity so you could delete it once and for all out of the known universe, and thus gain a measure of relief knowing that you have spared others the terrible ordeal of sitting in front of their monitors for perhaps days on end coding pleas for chat to just dial the #!%$ telephone. Truthfully, I have found few programs under any of the operating systems I am familiar with give me the jitters the way chat does.
I recall one frosty summer morning (I live in Alaska, so I can honestly describe some summer mornings as being frosty) when I boldly set off where no Microsoft hacker has gone before-Linux, the final frontier. Well, that's a bit extreme. Many Microsoft hackers have seen the light and made the transition. Anyway, I had decided I was going to resist Bill Gatus of Borg, and not be assimilated, so I put a new hard drive in my computer, downloaded Redhat Linux 4.1 from Redhat's ftp server (a two day ordeal with a 33.6 modem, I might add) and read enough of the install documentation to get started.
Now friends already familiar with the Linux OS offered to come by and help me set it up. But I'd have none of it. After all, I owned a computer and electronics service center. I was the expert. And I was firmly convinced that the best way to truly learn something is to plow through it yourself. So I sat down in front of my PC with a cup of tea, made the two required floppy disks for a hard drive install, and began my voyage into Linux gurudom.
About 45 minutes later I was surprised to discover that I was done. Linux had been installed on my system and little fishies were swimming around my monitor in X windows. Well, I was impressed with myself. "Hah!" I said to the walls. "They said it couldn't be done. Not without background. Not without experience. But I've showed them. I've showed them all! Hah! Hah! Hah!" And then, being the compulsive hacker that I am, I began to do what comes naturally. I hacked. And being the Net buff that I am, the first thing I decided to do was get on the Internet through Linux. And all the stuff I'd read about in my printed copy of the works of the Linux Documentation Project said that the way to dial out with Linux was through chat.
Four days later I found myself on my knees in front of my computer, wearily typing in yet another reworded script for chat, half plea, half incantation, hoping beyond reason that this time chat would perform the miracle I had so long sought and just dial the $#%! phone. Yes, I was by that time a broken man. Worse, a broken hacker. My spirit was crushed. My unique identity was in peril. I could hear Bill Gatus in the distance, but getting closer, closer, saying, "Resistance is futile. You will be assimilated." Resigned to my fate, I wrung my hands, achy and sore from writing enough script variants to fill a novel the size of War and Peace, and prepared to type halt and reboot into Windows 95.
Then a voice said, "Luke. Luke! Use the X, Luke!" I don't know why the voice was calling me "Luke" since my name is Cliff, but somehow I knew to trust that voice. I moved the cursor onto the background, clicked, and opened up the applications menu. There I found a nifty little program called Minicom. I clicked on Minicom, it opened, initialized the modem, and a press of [CTRL-a, d] brought up the dial out options. I selected the edit option with the arrow keys, and at the top entered the name and number of my server. Then I selected the dial option with the arrow keys, and pressed [RETURN]. The X was with me, the modem dialed out, logged into my server, and with a beep announced that I should press any button. Minicom then asked me to enter my login name and password. I breathed a sigh of relief, opened up Arena, typed in an address, and . . . nothing happened. Worse, after about a minute, the modem hung up.
"What?" I wondered aloud, squinting into my monitor, certain that behind the phosphorescent glow I could see little Bill Gatuses frantically chewing away the inner workings of my computer. "Join me, Cliff," they were saying. "It is your destiny."
"I'll never join you," I cried out and whipped out my Linux Encyclopedia. I couldn't find anything in the index on how to avoid assimilation, but I did find out that I needed to activate the ppp daemon and give control of the connection from Minicom to the daemon. The command line that worked best was:
pppd /dev/cua2 115200 -detach crtscts modem defaultroute-detachis the most important option to include here. It causes the daemon to take over control of the modem from Minicom. pppd activates the Point to Point Protocol daemon. /dev/cua* should be given whatever number corresponds to the serial port your modem is attached to, as long as you have a serial modem. 115200 is the max speed of my modem with compression. You should set this to the max speed of your own modem. crtscts tells your modem to negotiate high speed transmissions. modem simply indicates the daemon should use the modem as its means of networking. It is a default setting, but I like to set it anyway to remind me whats going on. And defaultroute tells the daemon which route the incoming and outgoing data are going through.The trick is to enter all this before the Minicom connection times out. You could go through the trouble writing it out every time you log on, but a better way is to edit an alias in .bashrc. Go down to the /root directory and type emacs .bashrc (or whatever your prefered editor is) and enter the line below as follows:
alias daemon = <pppd /dev/cua* <your modem speed> -detach crtscts modem defaultroute>
(Do not forget the quotes or your alias will not function.)Finally, go into the control panel, double click on the networking icon, and select the last tab that appears. There you will find near the top the option to set your default gateway and your device. Set your default gateway to whatever your Internet server specifies. Specify your device as /dev/cua (whatever serial port your modem is attached to). Sometimes simply /dev/modem will work if it has been symbolically linked in your system. (By the way, if you haven't already done it, in X you also need to double click the modem icon in the control panel and set your modem to the correct /dev/cua(serial port number) there too). And if you have a SLIP account (rare these days) add the pertinent info while setting up your gateway.
Reboot your system. Now your new alias and settings will all be in effect. Now just invoke Minicom and dial out. Then at xterminal type daemon. Minicom will beep at you for taking away its control of the modem. To be on the safe side, I like to kill Minicom to make sure it stops fighting with the daemon for control of the modem. Occasionally it will succeed and weird things will happen. Then invoke your browser and you are on the World Wide Web.
As a final note, Arena's HTML is kind of weak, and you may find it locking up with newer, more powerful web code. It is a good idea to download a more capable browser such as Netscape 3.01, which makes a fine Linux browser, and install and use that as soon as possible.
And that's all there is to taking your Linux webship onto the Information frontier. Well, I'm enjoying my time on the web. I think I'll build a new site dedicated to stopping the assimilation.
Copyright © 1997, Cliff Seruntine
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
Atlanta Showcase Report
By Phil Hughes,
The Atlanta Linux Showcase is over, and everyone is beginning to recover. Recover, that is, from being awake too long, being on a plane too long and stuffing more Linux than will fit into one weekend.ALS was put together by the Atlanta Linux Enthusiasts, the local Linux user's group in Atlanta, Georgia. The show began on Friday evening, June 6 and ran through Sunday afternoon. More than 500 people attended. The report following this one by Todd Shrider covers much of the show, including the talks.
I want to thank Amy Ayers and Karen Bushaw for making their photos available to us with a special thank you to Amy for getting them scanned and uploaded to the SSC ftp site.
I spent most of my time in the Linux Journal booth giving away magazines and talking to show attendees. One aspect that made this show special for me is that I didn't spend most of my time explaining that Linux is a Unix-like operating system to the attendees. Instead, I got to discuss Linux with experienced people with thoughtful questions, letting them know in the process how LJ could help them. Each attendee was truly interested in Linux and stopped at each booth in the show. I expect attendees appreciated the low signal-to-noise ratio in the booths; that is, conversations were solely about Linux.
The Roast
On Saturday night there was a roast--no, I didn't change from a vegetarian into a meat eater overnight--we were roasting Linus. That is, a group of people presented interesting stories about Linus, intended to only slightly embarrass him. At the end of the evening, I felt that the roast had been successful in every way.
In front of a crowd of about 115 people, Eric Raymond, David Miller, Jon "maddog" Hall and I got to pick on this Linus character. Topics varied from Linus almost being hit by a car in Boston because he was so engrossed in talking about a particular aspect of kernel code, to the evolution of the top-half/bottom-half concept in interrupt handlers and to why Linus was apparently moving from geekdom to becoming a "hunk" sportswear model. (See the cover of the San Jose Metro, May 8-14, 1997.)
Maddog finished the roasting by telling a few Helsinki stories and showing a video that included Tove's parents talking about Linus. A good time was had by the roasters and the audience and, as Linus' closing comment was "I love you all," we assume he had a good time too and wasn't offended by our gentle ribbing.
The Future
The show came off very well. I consider this sucess an amazing feat for an all-volunteer effort. The ALE members plan to write an article for Linux Gazette about how they made this happen. We'll also make this information available on the GLUE web site. I would like to see more shows put on by user groups. The local involvement, the enthusiasm of the attendees and the all Linux flavor of the show made this weekend a great experience. We are already thinking about a Seattle or Portland show and would like to help others make regional shows a reality.
Take a look at the ALS Photo Album.
More on ALS
by Todd M. Shrider,
I first started writing this article in my hotel room late Sunday evening (or early Monday morning) planning to get just enough sleep that I would wake up in time to catch my plane. The plan didn't work--I missed my 6:00 AM flight out of Atlanta. I did the second draft while waiting for my new 9:45 AM flight. The third draft came (yes, you guessed it) while waiting for my 1:30 PM connection from Detroit to Dayton, also having missed the previous connection because of my first flight's late arrival. Suffice it to say, I'm now back home in Indiana and still enjoying the high received from the Atlanta Linux Showcase.
Thanks to all the sponsors and to our host, the Atlanta Linux Enthusiasts user group, the conference started with a bang and went off without a hitch. The conference was a three day event, starting with registration Friday and ending Sunday with a kernel hacking session led by none other than Linus himself. In between there were numerous conferences found in both a business and technical track, several birds of a feather (BoF) sessions and a floor show. These events were broken up with frequent trips to local pubs and very little sleep.
This was my first (but not last) Linux conference, and I found that an added benefit of ALS was meeting all the people who use Linux as a viable business platform/tool. (These same people tend to be doing very cool things with Linux on the side). From companies such as Red Hat to Caldera to others such as MessageNet, Cyclades and DCG Computers, it was obvious that many people have very creative ways to make money with Linux. This wasn't limited, by any means, to the vendors. Many of the conference speakers talked of ways to make money with Linux or of their experiences with Linux in a professional environment.
All of these efforts seemed to compliment the key-note address, World Domination 101, where Linus Torvalds, called for applications, applications, applications. Did I say he thought Linux needed a few more useful applications? Anyway, he pointed out the more or less obvious fact that, if Linux is going to be a success in a world of commercial operating systems, we need every application type you find in other commercial operating systems. In other words, if you're thinking about doing--don't think--just do it. Another thing that Linus pointed out, and that I was glad to hear echoed throughout the conference, was that Linux needs to be easy to use. It needs to be so easy that a secretary or corporate executive could sit and be as productive as they would be with Windows 95. We need to make people realize that Linux has gotten rid of the high learning curve usually associated with Unix.
Something pointed out by Don Rosenberg, while speaking on the "how-to" and "what's needed next" of commercial Linux, was that we are now in a stage where the innovators (that's us) and the early adopters (that's us as well as the people using Linux in the business world today) must continue to push forward so that we can get a group of early adopters (the old DOS users) to take us seriously. In Maddog's closing remarks he urged us all to find two DOS users, convert them to Linux and then tell them to do the same. As a step in this direction, today I introduced a local computer corporate sales firm to Linux; whether they take my advice and run is left to be seen, but believe me, I'm pushing.
The rest of the conference was filled with business and technical talks. The business talks included things such as Eric Raymond's "The Cathedral and the Bazaar", talks on OpenLinux by both Jeff Farnsworth and Steve Webb and "Linux Connectivity for Humans" by none other than Phil Hughes. Lloyd Brodsky was on hand to talk about Intranet Support of Collaborative Planning while Lester Hightower brought us the story of PCC and their efforts to bring Linux to the business world. Mark Bolzern spoke of the significance of Linux and Bob Young talked of the "process" not the "product" of Linux.
The technical discussion track started with Richard Henderson's discussion of the shared libraries and their function across several architectures. Michael Maher gave a HOWTO of Red Hat's RPM package management system and Jim Paradis discussed EM86 and what remains to be done, so that one can run Intel/Linux binaries under Alpha Linux. David Miller then followed giving a boost of enthusiasm with his discussion of the tasks involved in porting Linux to SPARC and Miguel de Icaza took us on a trip to the world of RAID and Linux. We convened the next day to hear David Mandelstam discuss what is involved with wide-area networks and Mike Warfields anatomy of a cracker's intrusion.
All in all, the conference was a huge success. What I might suggest as an improvement for next year is more involvement from the vendors (or maybe just more vendors), a possible sale from the vendors of their special Linux wares to the conference attendees and a possible tutorial session like the ones seen at Uselinux (Anaheim, California, January 1997). Other than that, a few virtual beers (I owe you Maddog) and lots of great geek conversation made for one wild weekend.
Copyright © 1997, Phil Hughes and Todd M. Shrider
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
SSC is expanding Matt Welsh's Linux Installation & Getting Started by adding chapters about each of the major distributions. Each chapter is being written by a different author in the Linux community. Here's a sneak preview--the Caldera chapter by Evan Leibovitch.--editor
Caldera OpenLinux
By Evan Leibovitch,
This section deals with issues specific to the Caldera releases of Linux, how to install the current release (Caldera OpenLinux) and prepare for the steps outlined in the following chapters. It is intended to be a complement to, not a replacement for, the "Getting Started Guides" Caldera ships with all of its Linux-based products. References to the Getting Started Guide for Caldera Open Linux Base will be indicated throughout this chapter simply as "the Guide".
What is Caldera?
The beginnings of Caldera the company come from an internal Novell project called "Corsair". While Novell had owned Unix System V in the early 1990s, Corsair was formed to see if there were things Novell could learn from Linux.
Corsair was a casualty of the changing of the guard at Novell that also caused it to sell off Unix to SCO and WordPerfect to Corel. Novell founder Ray Noorda gave startup capital to this group with the intention of making Linux available in a manner that would be as acceptable to business users and corporate MIS as commercial versions of Unix. Caldera is a privately-held company based in Orem, Utah.
The implementation of this goal has resulted in a series of Linux-based products that "broken the mold" in a number of ways. Caldera was the first Linux distribution to bundle-in commercial software such as premium X servers, GUI desktops, backup software and web browsers; at the time of writing, Caldera is the only Linux distribution officially supported by Netscape.
The Caldera Network Desktop
Caldera's first product, the Caldera Network Desktop (CND), was released to the public in early 1995 in a $29 "preview" form (a rather unusual manner to run a beta test), and in final release version in early 1996. The CND was based on the 1.2.13 Linux kernel, and included Netscape Navigator, Accelerated-X, CrispLite, and the Looking Glass GUI desktop. It also was the first Linux release to offer NetWare client capabilities, being able to share servers and printers on existing Novell networks. Production and sale of CND ceased in March 1997.
Caldera OpenLinux
In late 1996, Caldera announced its releases based on the Linux 2.0.25 kernel would be named Caldera Open Linux (COL) and would be made available at three levels;
- COL Base, which includes Navigator, CrispLite, and the Metro-X server;
- COL Standard, which would add the Netscape FastTrack secure web server, the StarOffice desktop productivity suite, and NetWare connectivity;
- COL Deluxe, which incorporates all the features of Standard and also offers NetWare--server--capabilities.
As this is written, only the COL Base release is shipping, and feature sets of the other packages are still being determined. For specific and up-to-date lists of the comparative features of the three levels, check the Caldera web site http://www.caldera.com.
Because all three levels of COL build on the Base release, all three are installed the same way. The only difference is in the different auxiliary packages available; their installation and configuration issues are beyond the scope of this guide. Most of COL's add-on packages contain their own documentation; check the /doc directory of the Caldera CD-ROM for more details.
Obtaining Caldera
Unlike most other Linux distributions, COL is not available for downloading from the Internet, nor can it be distributed freely or passed around. This is because of the commercial packages which are part of COL; while most of the components of COL are under the GNU Public License, the commercial components, such as Looking Glass and Metro-X, are not. In the list of packages included on the COL media starting on page 196 of the Guide, the commercial packages are noted by an asterisk.
COL is available directly from Caldera, or through a network of Partners around the world who have committed to supporting Caldera products. These Partners can usually provide professional assistance, configuration and training for Caldera users. For a current list of Partners, check the Caldera web site.
Preparing to Install Caldera Open Linux
Caldera support the same hardware as any other release based on Linux 2.0 kernels. Appendix A of the Guide (p145) lists most of the SCSI hosts supported and configuration parameters necessary for many hardware combinations.
Taking a page out of the Novell manual style, Caldera's Guide provides an installation worksheet (page 2) that assists you in having at hand all the details of your system that you'll need for installation. It is highly recommended you complete this before starting installation; while some parameters, such as setting up your network, are not required for installation, doing it all at one time is usually far easier than having to come back to it. Sometimes this can't be avoided, but do as much at installation time as possible.
Creating boot/modules floppies
The COL distribution does not come with the floppy disks required for installation. There are two floppies involved; one is used for booting, the other is a "modules" disk which contains many hardware drivers.
While the Guide recommends you create the floppies by copying them from the CD-ROM, it is better to get newer versions of the disks from the Caldera web site. The floppy images on some CD-ROMs have errors that cause problems, especially with installations using SCSI disks and large partitions.
To get newer versions of the floppy images, download them from Caldera's FTP site. In directory {\tt pub/col-1.0/updates/Helsinki}, you'll find a bunch of numbered directories. Check out the directories in descending order---that will make sure you get the latest versions.
If you find one of these directories has a subdirectory called
bootdisk, the contents of that directory are what you want.You should find two files:
install-2.0.25-XXX.img modules-2.0.25-XXX.imgThe
XXXis replaced by the version number of the disk images. At the time of writing, the current images are 034 and located in the 001 directory.Once you have these images, transfer them onto two floppies using the methods described on page 4 of the Guide, using RAWRITE from the Caldera CD-ROM if copying from a DOS/Windows system or
ddfrom a Linux system.While Caldera's CD-ROM is bootable (if your system's BIOS allows it), if possible use the downloaded floppies anyway, since they are newer and will contain bug-fixes that won't be in the CD versions.
Preparing the hard disks
This procedure is no different from that of other Linux distributions. You must use fdisk on your booted hard disk to allocate at least two Linux partitions, one for the swap area and one for the root file system. If you are planning to make your system dual-boot COL with another operating system such as MS Windows or DOS or even OS/2, it's usually preferable to install COL last; its "fdisk" recognizes "foreign" OS types better than the disk partitioning tools of most other operating systems.
To run the Linux fdisk, you'll need to start your system using the boot (and maybe the modules) floppy mentioned above. That's because you need to tell COL what kind of disk and disk controller you have; you can't even get as far as entering
fdiskif Linux doesn't recognize your hard disk!To do this, follow the bootup instructions in the Guide, from step 2 on page 33 to the end of page 36. Don't bother going through the installation or detection of CDROMs or network cards at this time; all that matters at this point is Linux sees the booting hard disk so you can partition it using fdisk. A brief description of the use of the Linux fdisk is provided on page 28 of the Guide.
Remember that when running fdisk, you need to set up both your root file system (type 83) and your swap space (type 82) as new partitions. A brief discussion of how much swap space to allocate is offered on page 10 of the Guide.
As soon as you have completed this and written the partition table information to make it permanent, you will need to reboot.
Copyright © 1997, Evan Leibovitch
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
CLUELESS at the Prompt: A new column for new users
by Mike List,
Welcome to installment 6 of Clueless at the Prompt: a new column for new users.
This time let's take a quick look at the XF86Setup utility. at X window managers, concentrating on FVWM, adding popup menus, adding and subtracting apps from existing popups and other relatively easy ways to get a custom appearance and feel.
Using XF86Setup to configure X
Judging from the posts I've seen on the usenet, a lot of people aren't aware that there's an easier way to get X up and running than configuring it the old confusing way(at least I found it to be that way), using a tcl/tk script called XF86Setup. While it doesn't totally eliminate the need to manually edit your XConfig, it does provide a method of getting a usable configuration for most common video cards and monitors. XF86Setup first appeared in the XFree86 3.2 distribution, and uses the lowest common denominator VGA 16 color mode server and a tcl/tk(corrections welcome) script to start the config process in X and by using the graphical nature of this utility script you can be almost certain to have X running in a couple of tries, and if worst comes to worst you can have it running in 16 color mode until you can get the details to optimize it to your video hardware. Current downloads of Xfree86 all seem to have this included, and if your CDROM diskribution has X 3.2 or better you already have it available to install to your HD. If you download it from xf86.org, be sure to read the Relnotes for the component files necessary to insure a successful install. You'll need :
, where ?=the level of the distribution you're using, ie.3.2, 3.3 etc., for all installations, read the relnotes for any oher files your specific hardware might need. Since the 3.3 version just came out, if you are just getting around to setting up X you will most likely want to get this distribution, since every successive version has support for more hardware and often better support for hardware already supported.
- preinst.sh Pre-installation script
- postinst.sh Post-installation script
- X3?bin.tgz Clients, run-time libs, and app-defaults files
- X3?doc.tgz Documentation
- X3?fnts.tgz 75dpi, misc and PEX fonts
- X3?lib.tgz Data files required at run-time
- X3?man.tgz Manual pages
- X3?set.tgz XF86Setup utility
- X3?VG16.tgz 16 colour VGA server (XF86Setup needs this server)
OK, you have the files you need, that is the ones listed above, and the server for your particular video card, in my case the SVGA server, you may need to do a little detective work to determine which server to use. If you are using the X version that comes on your CDROM, you can probably install all the servers(assuming there's space on your HD)and let the XF86Setup prog make the choice. To install,type:
cd /usr/X11R6Next, copy the preinst.sh and postinst.sh scripts to /var/tmp, then go to /usr/X11R6 and type:cd /usr/X11R6 sh /var/tmp/preinst.shthe script will remove some symbolic links, and check to see that all the files you need are available, and may output a message asking for those files that are needed but not present. But assuming that you have followed the above, everything should be in place, and you should get a generally encouraging message on exit from the script.Now for the installation itself,type:
tar -zxvf /wherever/you/have/X3?files.tgzyou'll have to repeat this step with each of the required files, although if you have these files in a directory by themselves, you may be able to type:tar -zxvf /wherever/youhavethem/*.tgzalthough it's been awhile, and I can't recall if it works, it won't hurt anything to try, since the alternative is to unpack each tgz file separately.Next you run the postinst.sh script in the same manner as the preinst.sh above, this will make sure that you have all the X components in the correct places.Run ldconfig something like:
ldconfig -m /usr/X11R6/libor reboot to run ldconfig automatically. This links the libraries necessary to run X. At this point you should be able to start the actual setup by typing, naturally:XF86Setupwhich will present a dialog box asking if you want to start in graphical mode or tell you it will start momentarily. At this point you'll be in X, using the 16 color VGA server.Read all the instructions, and follow the routine, which I found to be pretty self-explanatory. You will probably have the most trouble finding the right mouse device and protocol, but try each one in turn if you aren't sure. You'll probably also want to change the keyboard to 102key US International keyboard. Specify the video card, and monitor info, don't worry if you don't know the salient monitor inf, you cna start at the top of the list and work your way down the list until you reach a good setting.Much easier if you have your monitor manual available, so have it on hand if you can. Finish the routine when you think it's right and that should do it. Congratulations on your hopefully valid Xconfiguration. If you muff it just try again using slightly different settings until you do get it right.
Window Managers
Most Linux distributions that i'm familiar with use the FVWM window manager as default and the rest of them should have it present, unless you downloaded the files directly from xf86.org, in which case the default is TWM.FVWM is highly configurable by editing the /var/X11R6/lib/fvwm/system.fvwmrc file.You can use the file as it is, since it has the most common installed features already configured, but you can comment out those programs that you don't have installed by adding a "#" at the beginning of the lines you wish to drop, change colors, add popup menus, and more just by following the examples. Just be sure to save the system.fvwmrc by typing:
cp /var/X11R6/lib/fvwm/system.fvwmrc /var/X11R6/lib/fvwm/system.fvwmrc.oldor something similar, so if you do mess up on your customization you can always start from scratch by cp'ing .old to the original system.fvwmrc.A couple of months ago The Weekend Mechanic column had some very cool ideas on wallpapering the root window, so you might want to check them out.I made "Internet" and "PPP" popup menus to include lynx, Netscape and a couple of telnet sites, as well as an IRC client, and to use the chat script from X. you may have other ideas more to your liking, don't be afraid to try, you can always start over again if you don't like the results.
Take a look at my system.fvwmrc, nothing too sophisticated, but if you compare it to the original you should get the idea. I commented the changes that I made so you can see some of the ways in which you can customize yours.
Copyright © 1997, Mike List
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
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© 1997 by
muse:
- v; to become absorbed in thought
- n; [ fr. Any of the nine sister goddesses of learning and the arts in Greek Mythology ]: a source of inspiration
elcome to the Graphics Muse! Why a "muse"? Well, except for the sisters aspect, the above definitions are pretty much the way I'd describe my own interest in computer graphics: it keeps me deep in thought and it is a daily source of inspiration.
[Graphics Mews] [Musings] [Resources]
his column is dedicated to the use, creation, distribution, and discussion of computer graphics tools for Linux systems.
This month has been even more hectic than most. I finished the first pass of an article on the 1.0 release of the GIMP and submitted it to the LInux Journal editors. That will be out in the November Graphics issue. I'll probably have to do some updates after I get back the marked up version. I'm also working on the cover art for that issue, using the developers release (currently at 0.99.10) of the GIMP. I've also had quite of bit of regular work (that kind that pays the rent) since I'm getting very close to my code freeze date. This weekend I'll be writing up documentation for it so I can give an introductory class to testers, other developers, Tech Pubs, Tech Support, and Marketing on Monday. I think I picked a bad time to start lifting weights again.
In this months column I'll be covering ...Next month may not be much better. I don't know exactly what I'll be writing about, although I do have a wide list from which to choose. Mostly I'm looking forward to my trip to SIGGRAPH in August. Any one else going? I should have plenty to talk about after that. I plan on going to at least two of the OpenGL courses being taught at the Conference. I haven't completely decided which courses I'm going to take, however.
- More experiences with printing using the Epson Stylus Colro 500
- A brief discussion about DPI, LPI, and Halftoning
- An even briefer discussion about 3:2 pulldown - transerring film to video.
I'm also looking forward to a trip to DC in August as well. A real vacation. No computers. Just museums and monuments. I may need to take some sort of anti-depressant. Nah. I need the break.
Disclaimer: Before I get too far into this I should note that any of the news items I post in this section are just that - news. Either I happened to run across them via some mailing list I was on, via some Usenet newsgroup, or via email from someone. I'm not necessarily endorsing these products (some of which may be commercial), I'm just letting you know I'd heard about them in the past month.Announcing bttv version 0.4.0
BTTV is a device driver for Booktree Bt848 based frame grabber cards like the Hauppauge Win/TV pci, Miro PCTV, STB TV PCI, Diamond DTV2000, and AverMedia. Major new features in version 0.4.0 are rudimentary support for grabbing into user memory and for decoding VBI data like teletext, VPS, etc. in software.The Motif application xtvscreen now has better support for selecting channels and also works in the dual visual modes (255+24 mil. colors) of Xi Graphics AcceleratedX 3.1 X server.
Author:
Ralph Metzler
Marcus Metzler
Web Site:
http://www.thp.uni-koeln.de/~rjkm/linux/bttv.htmlOpenGL4Java 0.3
This is an initial developer's release of an (unoffical) port of OpenGL(tm) for java. Leo Chan's original package has been ported to both WindowsNT/95 and to Linux. Several features have been added, the main one being OpenGl now draws into a Java Frame. What advantage does this provide? Well, you can now add menus to the OpenGL widget as well as receiving all normal events such as MouseMotion and Window events. You could very simply have a user rotate a OpenGL object by moving the mouse around in the Frame ( the demo for the next release will have this feature ).You can grab it from the developers web page at http://www.magma.ca/~aking/java.
WebMagick Image Web Generator - Version 1.29
WebMagick is a package which makes putting images on the Web as easy as magick. You want WebMagick if you:After nine months of development, WebMagick is chock-full of features. WebMagick recurses through directory trees, building HTML pages, imagemap files, and client-side/server-side maps to allow the user to navigate through collections of thumbnail images (somewhat similar to xv's Visual Schnauzer) and select the image to view with a mouse click. In fact, WebMagick supports xv's thumbnail cache format so it can be used in conjunction with xv.
- Have access to a Unix system
- Have a collection of images you want to put on the Web
- Are tired of editing page after page of HTML by hand
- Want to generate sophisticated pages to showcase your images
- Want to be in control
- Are not afraid of installing sophisticated software packages
- Want to use well-documented software (33 page manual!)
- Support free software
The primary focus of WebMagick is performance. Image thumbnails are reduced and composed into a single image to reduce client accesses, reducing server load and improving client performance. Everything is pre-computed. During operation WebMagick employs innovative caching and work-avoidance techniques to make successive executions much faster. WebMagick has been successfully executed on directory trees containing many tens of directories and thousands of images ranging from tiny icons to large JPEGs or PDF files.
Here is a small sampling of the image formats that WebMagick supports:
WebMagick is written in PERL and requires the ImageMagick (3.8.4 or later) and PerlMagick (1.0.3 or later) packages as well as a recent version of PERL 5 (5.002 or later). Installation instructions are provided in the WebMagick distribution.
- Windows Bitmap image (BMP)
- Postscript (PS)
- Encapsulated Postscript (EPS)
- Acrobat (PDF)
- JPEG
- GIF (including animations)
- PNG
- MPEG
- TIFF
- Photo CD
Obtain WebMagick from the WebMagick page at http://www.cyberramp.net/~bfriesen/webmagick/dist/. WebMagick can also be obtained from the ImageMagick distribution site at ftp://ftp.wizards.dupont.com/pub/ImageMagick/perl.
EasternGraphics announces public release of `opengl' widget
EasternGraphics announces the public release of `opengl' widget which allows windows with three-dimensional graphics output, produced by OpenGL to be integrated into Tk applications. The widget is available for Unix and MS-Windows platforms.You can download the package from ftp://ftp.EasternGraphics.com/
pub/egr/tkopengl/tkopengl1.0.tar.gzEmail:
WWW: http://www.EasternGraphics.com/ELECTROGIG's GIG 3DGO 3.2 for Linux for $99.
There is a free demo package for Linux. Its roughly 36M tarred and compressed. A 9M demo's file is also available for download. I had placed a notice about this package in the May's Muse column, but I guess ELECTROGIG had missed that, so they sent me another announcement (I got the first one from comp.os.linux.announce). Anyway, one thing I didn't mention in May was the price for the full Linux product: $99. This is the complete product, although I'm not sure if this includes any documentation or not (it doesn't appear to). The Linux version does not come with any product support, however. You need a 2.0 Linux kernel to run GIG 3DGO.I also gave a URL that takes you to an FTP site for downloading the demo. A slightly more informative page for downloading the demo and its associated files is at http://www.gig.nl/support/indexftp.html
Type1Inst updated
uploaded version 0.5b of his type1inst font installation utility to sunsite.unc.edu. If its not already there, it will end up in /pub/Linux/X11/xutils.Type1inst is a small perl script which generates the "fonts.scale" file required by an X11 server to use any Type 1 PostScript fonts which exist in a particular directory. It gathers this informatiom from the font files themselves, a task which previously was done by hand. The script is also capable of generating the similar "Fontmap" file used by ghostscript. It can also generate sample sheets for the fonts.
FTP: ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/xutils/type1inst-0.5b.tar.gz
Editors note: I highly recommend this little utility if you are intent on doing any graphics arts style work, such as with the GIMP.
libgr-2.0.13 has been updated to png-0.96
It seems the interface to png-0.96 is not binary compatible with png-0.89, so the major version of the shared library was bumped to libpng.so.2.0.96 (last version was libpng.so.1.0.89).WHAT IS LIBGR?
Libgr is a collection of graphics libraries, based on libgr-1.3, by Rob Hooft ([email protected]), that includes:These are configured to build ELF static and shared libraries. This collection (libgr2) is being maintained by <[email protected]>
- fbm
- jpeg
- pbm
- pgm
- png
- pnm
- ppm
- rle
- tiff
- zlib, for compression
Did You Know?
...there is a site devoted to settign up Wacom tablets under XFree86? http://www.dorsai.org/~stasic/wacomx.htm The pages maintainer, , says:So far, nobody has told me that he or she couldn't follow the instructions.<[email protected]> has said he's also gotten this to work and offered to help others who might need assistance getting things set up.Fred Lepied is the man who actually created the support for the Wacom tablets under XFree86. He gave me instructions on setting my ArtPad II up and I repeated this, periodically, on Usenet. When the requests for help there turned into a steady stream, I decided to put up a web page (mainly to show that I can make one but not use it for a lame ego trip).
...there is rumored work being done on 3Dfx support for Linux? writes:
I was looking around for info about the 3Dfx based cards and came across a guy's page that said he is working on a full OpenGl driver for 3Dfx boards for NT. What does this have to do with Linux? Well, he says that after the NT driver is done, he is going to start work on 3Dfx drivers for Linux and an OpenGl driver for XFree86/3Dfx.The guy's name is Zanshin and the address of his site is: http://www.planetquake.com/gldojo/
Most of this stuff is in the News Archives section under 4/18/97 Oh yeah, he also mentions hacking SGIQuake to work with Linux, so we may get to see a hardware accelerated version of Quake for Linux.
...the MindsEye Developers mailing list has moved to . unsubscribing can be done by sending a body of
unsubscribeto and a body ofunsubscribe [email protected]to Other majordomo commands should be send to [email protected] a body of 'help' gives an overview. Users which are subscribed to the old [email protected] adress do not need to unsubscribe. The list will be removed shortly afterwards. They will get this message twice: one from [email protected] and one from [email protected]. A HTML interface by using hypermail is under construction.Q and A
Q: Forgive what might be a dumb question, but what exactly is meant by "overlays"?
A: Imagine a 24bpp image plane, that can be addressed by 24bpp visuals. Imagine an 8bpp plane in front of the 24bpp image plane, addressed by 8bpp visuals.
One or more of the 8bpp visuals, preferably the default visual, should offer a 'transparent pixel' index. When the 8bpp image plane is painted with the transparent pixel, you can see through to the 24bpp plane. You can call an arrangement like this, a 24bpp underlay, or refer to the 8bpp visuals as an overlay.
Strictly, we call this "multiple concurrent visuals with different color depths", but that's rather a mouthful. Hence, shorthand we refer to it as "24+8" or "overlays", with "24+8" as the preferred description.
From Jeremy Chatfield @ Xi Graphics, Inc.
Microstation update
After last months 3D Modeller update I received email from Mark Hamstra at Bentley Systems, Inc. Mark is the man responsible for the ports of Bentley's MicroStation and Masterpiece products that are available for Linux. I've included his response below. The stuff in italics is what I had orginally written:Thanks for the mention in Gazette #18 --it's kinda fun watching where MicroStation/Linux info pops up. Being the guy that actually did the ports of MicroStation and Masterpiece, I'll lay claim to knowing the most about these products. Unfortunately, you've got a few errors in Gazette #18; allow me to correct them:I wasn't sure what a few of these formats were, so I wrote Mark back to ask about them. He informed me on the following (which were the ones I had asked specifically about):Includes programming support with a BASIC language and linkages to various commericial databases such as Oracle and Informix.
Programming support in the current product includes the MicroStation Development Language (C syntax code that compiles to platform-independent byte-code), BASIC, and support for linking MDL with both MDL shared libraries and native code shared libraries (i.e., Linux .so ELF libraries). For a look at the future direction of Bentley and MicroStation, take a look on our web site at the recent announcement by Keith Bentley at the AEC Systems tradeshow of MicroStation/J and our licensing agreement with Javasoft.
Because of the lack of commercial database support for Linux, there are no database linkage facilities in the current Linux port of MicroStation.
This looks like the place to go for a commercial modeller, although I'm not certain if they'll sell their educational products to the general public or not.
Nope, academic-only at this time; although we're collecting requests for commercial licensing (at our normal commercial prices) at http://www.bentley.com/products/change-request.html. The only thing preventing MicroStation from being available commercially for Linux is a lack of adequate expressed interest.
Note that the Linux ports have not been released (to my knowledge - I'm going by whats on the web pages).
The first two of our new Engineering Academic Suites that contain the Linux ports, the Building Engineering and GeoEngineering Suites, have been available in North America since the middle of February. European and worldwide distribution should be underway now too, although it took a little longer. Incidentally, the web pages you list are for our Europe, Middle East, and Africa (ema) division; you probably actually want http://www.bentley.com/academic.
[output formats] Unknown
We output a wide range of formats (and import a wider range than you give us credit for). I always forget just which ones are actually in the product and which are only in my current builds from the most recent source, so I'll just refer you to http://www.bentley.com/products/microstation95 and http://www.bentley.com/products/masterpiece, and note that my copy of MicroStation/Linux currently lists DGN, DWG, DXF, IGES, CGM, SVF, GRD, RIB, VRML, Postscript, HPGL, PCL, TIFF, TGA, BMP, and a couple other raster and animation formats as output options -- and I know I haven't currently got some of our soon-to-be-released translators compiled. Like I said, probably not all of these are in the current Linux port, but it's a simple matter to add whatever's not there to future versions of the Linux products, provided there's enough demand to keep the project going.
I want to thank Mark for offering updated information so quickly. My information is only as good as what I can find or am fed, and it helps when vendors, developers or end users provide me with useful info like this. Many thanks Mark.
- DGN is MicroStation-native design file format and has its ancestry in the Intergraph IGDS file format.
- SVF is the Simple Vector Format (see http://www.softsource.com), which works pretty good for web browser plug-ins.
- GRD is used by our MicroStation Field product.
- CGM is the Computer Graphics Metafile format, a vendor-independent standard supported in various software packages, browser plug-ins, printers/plotters, etc.
If you've used this product on MS platforms feel free to drop me a line and let me know what you thought of it. I'm always out to support commercial ports of graphics-related products to Linux.
Printing with an Epson Stylus Color 500
I bought an Epson Stylus Color 500 printer back in December of last year so I could print in color. I had done some research into what printers would be best, based in part on reviews in online PC magazines and also on support available in the Ghostscript 4.03 package. The Epson Stylus Color 500 was rated very high by the reviews and I found a web page which provided information on how to configure Ghostscript for use with the printer. I bought the printer, got Ghostscript working in a very marginal way (that is to say, it printed straight text in black and white). But thats as far as it went. I had gotten some minor printing in color done, but nothing very impressive and most of it was downright bad.
Earlier this month I was given the opportunity to work on the cover art for an issue of the Linux Journal. A few trial runs were given the preliminary ok but they were too small - the size of the image needed to be more than twice as big as the original I had created. Also, because the conversion of an image from the monitors display to printed paper is not a straightforward one (see the discussion on LPI/DPI elsewhere in this months column) it became apparent I needed to try printing my artwork to sample how it would really look on paper. I had to get my printer configuration working properly.
Well, it turned out to be easier than I thought. The hardest part is to get Ghostscript compiled properly. The first thing to do is to be sure to read the text files that accompany the source code. There are 3 files to read:The first two are the ones that made the most difference to me. I didn't really use the latter, but my solution isn't very elegant. However, what it lacks in grace it makes up for in simplicity.
- make.txt - general compiling and installation instructions
- drivers.txt - configuration information for support of the various devices you'll need for your system.
- unix-lpr.txt - help on setting up a print spooler for Unix systems.
Building the drivers was fairly simple for me - I took most of the defaults, except I added support for the Epson Stylus Color printers. There is a section in make.txt devoted specifically to compiling on Unix systems (search for How to build Ghostscript from source (Unix version) in that file). In most cases you'll just be able to type "make" after linking the correct compiler specific makefile to makefile. However, I needed to configure in the Epson printers first.
What I did was to edit the unix-gcc.mak file to change one line. The line that begins
DEVICE_DEVS=
was modified to add
stcolor.dev
right after the equal sign. I also didn't need support for any of the HP DeskJet (DEVICE_DEVS3 and DEVICE_DEVS4) or Bubble Jet (DEVICE_DEVS6) devices so I commented out those lines. Now, once this file had been linked to makefile I could just run
make
make install
At this point the Ghostsript package was ready for use. Note that many of the current distributions already include Ghostscript, but may not have the 4.03 release. Run
gs -v
to find out if you have Ghostscript 4.03. You'll need it to work with the Epson Stylus Color 500.
Now I needed to set up my print spooler. This turned out to be rather easy. First, you need to know that the stcolor driver (which is the name of the driver Ghostscript uses to talk to Epson Stylus printers) has a pre-built Postscript file that is used to prepare the printer for printing. This file, called stcolor.ps, is included with the 4.03 distribution. The file contains special commands that are interpreted by the printer, however it does not actually cause anything to be printed.-Top of next column-
- More Musings...
- DPI, LPI, Halftoning and other strange things - A short discussion on printing computer images.
- How many frames makes a movie? - a discussion with Larry Gritz about how video animations are transferred from film.
When you want to print something you need to first print this file followed by the file or files you want to print. Don't worry about how to do this just yet - I have a set of scripts to make this easier.
There were a number of options I could use with Ghostscript for my printer, but I found I only needed to work with one: display resolution or Dots Per Inch (DPI). In order to handle the two resolutions I simply created two scripts which could be used as input filters for lpr (the print spooler). The scripts are almost exactly the same, except one is called stcolor and one is called stcolor-high, the latter being for the higher resolution. Both of these were installed under /var/spool/lpd/lp and given execute permissions.
Next came the configuration for lpr. I needed to edit the /etc/printcap file to create entries for the new printer filters. I decided to give the printers different names than the standard, non-filtered printer name. In this way I could print ordinary text files (which I do more than anything else) using the default printer and use the other printer names for various draft or final prints of images, like the cover art.
Now the system was ready to print my images, but I still needed to do a couple more things. First, I wanted to write a script for handling printing of my images in the most common formats I created. I wrote a script to do this which I named print-tga.sh. I made symbollic links from this file to variations on the name. The script uses the name used to invoke it to determine which type of conversions to run before printing the file. The script converts the various formats, using the tools in the NetPBM kit, to Postscript files and then prints them to the high resolution printer setup in the previously mentioned printcap file.
Once I got all this done I was able to print full page images on high-gloss paper. They come out beautifully. The images I created for the cover art are far bigger than the paper, so Ghostscript resizes them to fit. It wasn't until I got this working that I realized just how good Ghostscript is. Or just how good the Epson Stylus Color 500 is.
As a side bonus, I also discovered that I could now print pages from my Netscape browser to my printer. I configured the print command to be lpr -llpps (using the lower resolution printer from the /etc/printcap file) in the Print dialog. Since Netscape passes the page as a Postscript file to the filter, there is no need to do any conversions like I do with my images. I now get full color prints of the pages I wish to save (like SIGGRAPH's registration forms). I also can print directly from Applixware using the same printer configurations. I just had to set up the print options to output as Postscript, which was simply enough to do.
There are a number of other settings that can be set using the filters. If you are interested in using these you should consult the devices.txt file for information on the stcolor driver. There are probably some better settings than what I'm using for other types of printing needs.
Well, thats about it. I hope this was of some use to you. I was really thankful when I got it working. My setup is probably not exactly like anyone elses, but if you have the Epson Stylus Color 500 you should be able to get similar results. Don't forget: if you plan on printing high resolution images using the 360 DPI (as opposed to the 180 DPI also supported by the printer) then you'll probably want to print on high-gloss paper. This paper can be rather expensive. The high-gloss paper Epson sells specifically for this printer is about $36US for 15 sheets. Also, I should note that I recently heard Epson now has a a model 600 that is to replace the model 500 as their entry level color printer. I haven't heard if the 600 will work with the stcolor driver in Ghostscript so you may want to contact the drivers author (who is listed in the devices.txt file, along with a web site for more info) if you plan on getting the model 600.
The following links are just starting points for finding more information about computer graphics and multimedia in general for Linux systems. If you have some application specific information for me, I'll add them to my other pages or you can contact the maintainer of some other web site. I'll consider adding other general references here, but application or site specific information needs to go into one of the following general references and not listed here.
Linux Graphics mini-Howto
Unix Graphics Utilities
Linux Multimedia PageSome of the Mailing Lists and Newsgroups I keep an eye on and where I get alot of the information in this column:
The Gimp User and Gimp Developer Mailing Lists.
The IRTC-L discussion list
comp.graphics.rendering.raytracing
comp.graphics.rendering.renderman
comp.graphics.api.opengl
comp.os.linux.announceFuture Directions
Next month:I have no idea. I have a ton of things that need doing, but I just haven't had time to figure out what I *should* do. I still have part 3 of the BMRT series to do, which I plan on doing as part of the process of creating an animation. The animation is another topic I'd like to do. I've also had requests for a number of other topics. One good one was to cover the various Image Libraries that are available (libgr or its individual components, for example). I have a review of Image Alchemy to do (long ago promised and still not done *sigh*). Well, at least I'll never be short a topic.
Copyright © 1997, Michael J. Hammel
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
More...
© 1997
Raster images are always discussed in terms of pixels, the number of dots on the screen that make up the height and width of the image. As long as the image remains on the computer there is no need to worry about converting this to some other resolution using some other terminology. Pixel dimensions work well for Web pages, for example.
The reality is that many images aren't very useful if they remain on the computer. Their real usefulness lies in their transfer to film, video tape or printed paper such as magazines or posters. The trouble with this is that printing an image is much different than simply viewing it on the screen. There are problems related to color conversions (RGB to CMYK), for example. We'll have to deal with that some other time (like when I learn something about it). Printing also requires a different set of dimensions because of the way they work. Printed images are handled by the number of Dots Per Inch that the printer can handle. In order to get the image to look the way you want it on the printer, you'll need to understand how printers work.
First, some background information:LPI comes from the world of photography while DPI comes from the world of design. Whether it makes sense to speak of DPI resolution for a raster image depends on what you'll be using that image for. Most magazines, such as Time, are printed with 153 LPI or less. Newspapers such as the Wall Street Journal are printed at 45-120 LPI.
- Printer resolution is given in dots per inch (DPI). That is the number of dots the device can output in an inch.
- Lines per inch (LPI) relates to halftoning. Many devices (such as printers) only have bilevel channels, that is, either they paint a colored dot or they don't (there are no smooth steps). Halftoning means using different patterns of dots to simulate a greater number of color shades. Obviously, several dots must be used in certain on/off combinations to simulate having more shades.
Halftoning masks are the patterns used to create the shades of color or levels of gray seen in the lines per inch on the printed media. Most masks are square. Let's say you have a printer which can do 300 DPI, that is, it can print 300 dots in an inch. If the halftoning mask is 4 pixels wide, then you'll have 300/4 = 75 lines per inch (LPI) for the halftones. That is the effective resolution of the device, since you are interested in nice shaded printouts and not in single bilevel dots.
An ultra-expensive 1200 DPI typesetter will be able to do 300 LPI if you use 4-pixel wide halftone masks. Of course, the larger the halftone size, the more shades you'll get, but the lower the effective resolution will be.
If you are only going to display an image on your screen, then perhaps speaking of DPIs in the image is pointless. You'll be mapping one pixel in the image to one pixel on your display, so how physically big the image looks will depend only on the size of your monitor. This makes sense; when you create images for display on a monitor, you usually only think in terms of available screen space (in pixels), not about final physical displayed size. I.e. when you create a web page you try to make your images so that they'll fit on the browser's window, regardless of the size of your monitor.
The story is a bit different when you are creating images for output on a hardcopy device. You see, sheets of paper have definite physical sizes and people do care about them. That's why everyone tries to print Letter-sized documents on A4 paper and vice-versa.
The simplest thing to do is to just create images considering the physical output resolution of your printer. Let's say you have a 300 DPI printer and you create an image which is 900 pixels wide. If you map one image pixel to one device pixel (or dot), you'll get a 3-inch wide image:900 pixels in image / 300 dots per inch for printing = 3 inches of image.
That sucks, because most likely your printer uses bilevel dots and you'll get very ugly results if you print a photograph with one image pixel mapped to one device pixel. You can get only so many color combinations for a single dot on your printer --- if it uses three inks, Cyan/Magenta/Yellow (CMY) and if it uses bilevel dots (spit ink or do not spit ink, and that's it), you'll only be able to get a maximum of 2*2*2 = 8 colors on that printer. Obviously 8 colors is not enough for a photograph.
So you decide to do the Right Thing and use halftoning. A halftone block is usually a small square of pixels which sets different dot patterns depending on which shade you want to create. Let's say you use 4-pixel square halftones like in the previous paragraphs. If you map one image pixel to one halftone block, then your printed image will be four times as large as if you had simply mapped one image pixel to one printer dot.
A good rule of thumb for deciding at what size to create images is the following. Take the number of lines per inch (LPI) that your printer or printing software will use, that is, the number of halftone blocks per inch that it will use, and multiply that by 2. Use that as the number of dots per inch (DPI) for your image.
Say you have a 600 DPI color printer that uses 4-pixel halftone blocks. That is, it will use 600/4 = 150 LPI. You should then create your images at 150*2 = 300 DPI. So, if you want an image to be 5 inches wide, then you'll have to make it 300*5 = 1500 pixels wide. Your printing software should take all that into account to create the proper halftoning mask. For example, when you use PostScript, you can tell the interpreter to use a certain halftone size and it will convert images appropriately. However, most Linux software doesn't do this yet. If you have a need to create an image destined for print you should check with the printer to get either the LPI or DPI and the number of pixels used in the Halftone that will be used. You can then compute the number of pixels you'll need in your image.
The story is very different if you do not use regular halftoning masks. If you use a stochastic (based on randomness) dithering technique, like Floyd-Steinberg dithering, then it may be a good idea to design images with the same resolution as the physical (DPI) resolution on your output device. Stochastic screening is based on distributing the dithering error over all the image pixels, so you (usually) get output without ugly Moire patterns and such. Then again, using the same physical resolution as your output device can result in really big images (in number of bytes), so you may want to use a lower resolution. Since the dithering is more or less random, most people won't notice the difference.My thanks to Federico Mena Quintero for the majority of this discussion. He summarized the discussion for the GIMP Developers Mailing List quite some time back. Fortunately, I happened to hang onto this his posting.
How many frames makes a movie?
The following comes from Larry Gritz in response to a question I posed to him regarding something I noticed while framing through my copy of Toy Story one day. I thought his explanation was so good it deserved a spot in the Muse. So here it is.BTW: I noticed, as I framed through various scenes, that I had 4 frames of movement and one frame of "fill" (exactly the same as the previous frame). Standard video is 30 frames/sec and I've read that 15 or 10 animated frames is acceptable for film but that this requires some fill frames. Lets see, if you did 15 frames per second you could actually render 12 frames with 3 fill frames. Is this about right?
No, we render and record film at a full 24 frames a second. We do not "render on two's", as many stop motion animators do.
When 24 fps film is converted to video, something called 3:2 pulldown is done. Video is 30 frames, but actually 60 fields per second -- alternating even and odd scanlines. The 3:2 pulldown process records one frame for three fields of video, then the next frame for 2 fields of video. So you get something like this:So every 4 film frames get expanded into 5 video frames, and hey, 30/24 == 5/4 ! This is how all films are transferred to video in a way that doesn't mess up the original timing.
video frame video field film frame 1 1 (even) 1 1 2 (odd) 1 2 1 (even) 1 2 2 (odd) 2 3 1 (even) 2 3 2 (odd) 3 4 1 (even) 3 4 2 (odd) 3 5 1 (even) 4 5 2 (odd) 4
Your video probably only shows the first field when you're paused, which makes it look like 1 in 5 frames is doubled, but it's actually just a bit more complicated than that.
© 1997 by "Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
Intranet Hallways Systems Based on Linux
By Justin Seiferth,
[Update 27-Dec-1999: Author's e-mail address. -Ed.]Using Linux: An Intranet Hallways System Like many of you, I like to use Unix, esp. Linux when ever and where ever it seems to be the best fit for the job. This means I have to work fast and be creative; making opportunities when and where ever I can't take them. I had just such an opportunity recently when I put together a system which allows my workplace to publish the common file sharing areas of its Microsoft Windows NT based desktops. I thought others might be interested in this system and created a distribution have your own Intranet Hallways system or as the popular press would put it an "enterprise information warehouse". Don't let on how easy it is and you'll be able to make a bundle reselling the system. Here's what you need to do to make it happen:
- Kernel Options
- Support Utilities
- HTML pages and scripts
- Some Configuration Changes
- A Quick installation
- Other things you might do with it
Once you've retrieved the distribution, it shouldn't take more than an hour to get things running; let know what you think about the system when you do.
The Opportunity
Microsoft's Windows NT suffers from a file system inherited from its MS-DOS lineage. For those of you who haven't had the displeasure this means file systems are cryptically named A-Z, can't automount and the process of manually mounting them is much more complicated and error prone than the more user friendly tools like Red Hat's fstool. These problems have been worked around somewhat at my agency through a series of .bat files which mount server drives in standard places so users can say "Just look at the T: drive" or something similar. This still left users with problems searching tens of thousands of files spread thousands of directories located on servers across the world. The Microsoft Windows NT operators were trying to figure out a way to present an efficient, agency-wide view of these servers so that users could easily find and retrieve things. We used Linux to integrate and publish these file sharing areas on our intranet.Before theShow
Key to the system is the ability of the Linux kernel (later 2.0 and 2.1 versions) to mount local NTFS and remote SMB volumes. There's nothing esoteric about enabling or using this option, just check it off when you're compiling the kernel. (Don't run away at the thought of compiling a kernel! Most distributions include these options in their default kernel so you probably don't have do anything- just try it out smbmount and see if it works). If any of your network shares are coming from Windows 95 machines, make sure to also select the patch for Windows 95 machines and long file names. If you are just serving Microsoft Windows NT or Samba shares, don't use the Windows 95 option as I've found it has a noticeable impact on the speed of the SMB mount and file operations.Once you've got an SMB capable kernel installed you're almost ready to go. The other critical components are thesmbfs utilities, the wu-ftpd suite, a web server, a search engine and a javascript - capable browser. Your distribution has probably installed an operational FTP and HTTP server and most people nowadays have a Netscape browser installed so all you really need to do is compile the smbfs utilities and setup a search engine. If most of the documents on your SMB shares are in text or HTML format, there are a number of search engines that you can choose from- htdig and glimpse come to mind. If you want to be able to search non-HTML documents then you might need one of the commercial search engine. We use Netscape's catalog server for Solaris.
The system will work without a javascript browser; it just won't be a easy to use. Hit the links to grab the software tools you need from the list above set it up. If you run into problems, be sure and check out the linux HOWTOs and mailing list documentation on the sites offering the software. If you have RedHat's RPM or Debian's package tools somebody else has probably already made a binary available; just check your local archive.
Set andStage
I'm assuming you've tested your kernel to make sure you can indeed mount SMB shares and that your ftp server is up and alive. Before we can start serving your "enterprise information warehouse" there are a few files which need to be added to or modified on your system in addition to the HTML files we'll discuss later. The first addition is a new init.d file for automatically mounting SMB shares when you boot your system. Then we'll enable a few features of your FTP server.First, let's contend with mounting shares automatically. I do this with a standard run-level 3/5 initscript; here's an excerpt with the most critical lines:
# Check that networking is up.
[ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] exit 0# See how we were called.
case "$1" in
start)
echo -n "Mounting SMB shares..."
echo "Mounting share1"
/usr/sbin/smbmount //hostname/share /home/ftp/mountpoint -n -uftp -gftp -f755 -Ihostnames_IP_address
# mount your other shares
echo ""
;;
stop)
echo -n "Umounting SMB shares..."
/usr/sbin/umount /home/ftp/mountpoint
#insert other mount comments here ....
echo ""
;;
*)
echo "Usage: hallways {start|stop}"
exit 1
esac
The smbmount(8) and umount(8) man pages have more details on what all those flags are about. Basically, we are mounting the shares into a directory accessible via anonymous FTP. The permissions and groups are "fake" in the sense that they don't map to anything sensible in the NT file system; they are only for the convenience and protection of the Unix system. Our common shares are read/write for everyone; if your site is more cautious you may want to review the implications of the file permissions and ownership or perhaps impose access controls using your file system and web server's security mechanisms.Now, let's take a look at the scripts used to startup your FTP server. You have to make sure you're taking advantage of wu-ftpd's ftpaccess(5) configuration capabilities. If you start your FTP daemon using the -a option the /etc/ftpaccess file will allow you to customize many aspects of the FTP server's performance and capabilities. Normally, you enable the -a option of your FTP server in your /etc/inetd.conf file; some people run their FTP full time, in this case check out the startup files in your /etc/rc.d/rc3.d or rc5.d directory and add the option when the daemon is started up. Among the benefits of using ftpaccess is the ability to specify header and trailer messages in the directory listings generated by your FTP server. These directives, message and readme are key to our system's capabilities.
We created an HTML file within the directory structure accessible to the FTP daemon; in our case it is called 'welcome.html', this file is placed in the root directory of the FTP daemon's file area and the entry in ftpaccess looks like:
...
message /welcome.html login
...
Now the contents of welcome.html will be displayed at the beginning of directory listings. The contents of welcome.html are a little tricky if you're not familiar with javascript. They are designed to both dynamically tailor the HTML based on the position of the page within a browser. These dynamic web pages tailor the help message to the context of the display.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript">function OpenNewWindow()
{
alert("To Upload a file go to file...Upload File on the browser's button bar")
parent.frames[2].location.protocol = "ftp:"
window.open(parent.frames[2].location.href)
}</SCRIPT>
</HEAD
<BODY bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<FORM>
<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
if (self!=top) {
document.write('<i><B>Hi!</b></i>' + "You can preview, download files or search for information here.<p>You can also upload a file<br>" + '<FORM>' +
'<CENTER>' + '<INPUT TYPE="button" Value="Upload File" onClick="OpenNewWindow()
">' + '</CENTER>' + '</FORM>');
}
else
{
document.write('<i><B>Hi!</b></i> This is a special screen for adding information to hallways.<p> To Upload a file, go to FILE | Upload, like <a href="http://webserver/access_directory/file_upload.gif">
this</a>
<p>');
}
</SCRIPT>
</FORM>
</BODY>
</HTML>
This interface is not the first one we tried. I really wanted to make the system intuitive; then we'd have to spend less time answering questions and could spend more time working on new ideas. The tests we conducted showed most people knew how to download files but were not aware you could upload files or view the contents of non-HTML files. We tried HTTP uploads and downloads but settled on the combination of FTP and HTTP generated screens. We needed a design which allowed easy navigation around a complicated system and kept at least minimal help hints in front of the users all the time. The final HTTP based frame design allowed us to put together an attractive interface. Encapsulating the FTP file display simplified uploads and downloads. Unlike a web server, our FTP server labels all files as a single MIME type allowing us to use a single helper application to easily display all files.; Getting this preview function to work will require editing the association of mine types with an application on the user's computer. We use a universal viewer, you can use one of these if your network already has one installed or you might investigate one of the many plug-ins which allow viewing files within the browser itself.
The Curtain Rises
Now the majority of the work and trickery is done; all that remains is a frame based user interface, a few snazzy graphics and some help files. In a nutshell, if the FTP listing is contained within a frame then the if part of the conditional is presented. This HTML allows the user to press an "upload" button which will pop open another browser instance with the FTP directory within the root window. When welcome.html is displayed within this root window, it contains instructions on how to upload a file using the FTP capabilities of the browser. The best way to understand how the code works is of course to just load it up and experiment.This isn't a tutorial on HTML so I'll just let you know you can download this whole package (minus a few of the graphics we used in our user interface) from ftp://www.disa.mil/pub/linux_gazette_stuff.tgz. We can't redistribute some of the graphics we use but you can just draw up your own and stick them into HTML code.
During your review of the code you may notice that our frame definition document distributes this system across several machines; for us this is an important feature. We make use of local proxy servers for FTP and HTTP traffic. These proxy servers keep down the loading of our backbone. Our system is distributed such that the web server documents and graphics will be served from a local departmental web server while the FTP server distributes information from another, centralized location. Since the proxy and web are local to our subnet documents stored on the SMB hallways area are served from the proxy (cache)- speeding up the file transfer times dramatically and reducing our wide area network traffic. We are also using the Solaris version of the Netscape Catalog Server to allow users to expediently find any document or content within a wide variety of popular Unix, MacIntosh and Windows application formats. This feature provides some much needed help to users who must retrieve one of several hundred thousand documents stored on servers spread across the globe; it was absolutely infeasible using the Microsoft Windows NT file manager search feature previously recommended by the Microsoft Windows NT operators
Applause and Royalties
You can provide many other enhancements such as browser access to multiple file system types (NFS, Appleshare, SMB, AFS, etc) and internet/intranet FTP areas are easily added. We are also working on a management add-on using PHP/FI and Postgress to present users with a fully graphical file upload facility which will also store meta data on documents such as the originator of the information, the originators e-mail address, etc. In fact I think with a little more work this system is a pretty good replacement for some the proprietary commercial document management applications that cost tens of thousands of dollars.I hope these ideas and this system will help you and your workplace out. If you have other creative examples of simple systems that help bring people working around the world together, like to here about them. Thanks for listening...
Copyright © 1997, Justin Seiferth
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
Linux and Artificial Intelligence
By John Eikenberry,
Three years ago when I was starting my last year of my masters of philosophy degree. I found myself asking that eternal question, "Ok, now what in the hell am I going to do?" Not wanting to continue on in philosophy, what could a philosopher (and computer enthusiast) do that would be both fun and profitable. Artificial Intelligence of course (but you saw that coming didn't you?) I had fallen in love with Linux in late 1993 and after seeing all the Suns scattered about the AI Dept, it seemed like the perfect OS for AI research. Guess what, I was right. I have found so many resources available for doing AI research on Linux that I had to write them all down (warning: blatant plug follows), thus my Linux AI/Alife mini-HOWTO came into being. Ok, enough of this drivel, now on to the meat of the article. Modern AI is a many faceted field of research, dealing with everything from 'traditional' logic based systems, to connectionism, evolutionary computing, artificial life, and autonomous agents. With Unix being the main platform for AI, there are many excellent resources available for Linux in each of these areas. The rest of this article I'll give a brief description of each of these areas along with one of the more interesting resources available to the Linux user.
- PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
- I know I didn't mention this above, but there are many programming languages that have been specifically designed with AI applications in mind.
- DFKI OZ
Web page: www.ps.uni-sb.de/oz/
FTP site: ps-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/oz2/- Oz is a high-level programming language designed for concurrent symbolic computation. It is based on a new computation model providing a uniform and simple foundation for several programming paradigms, including higher-order functional, constraint logic, and concurrent object-oriented programming. Oz is designed as a successor to languages such as Lisp, Prolog and Smalltalk, which fail to support applications that require concurrency, reactivity, and real-time control. DFKI Oz is an interactive implementation of Oz featuring a programming interface based on GNU Emacs, a concurrent browser, an object-oriented interface to Tcl/Tk, powerful interoperability features (sockets, C, C++), an incremental compiler, a garbage collector, and support for stand-alone applications. Performance is competitive with commercial Prolog and Lisp systems.
- TRADITIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
- Traditional AI is based around the ideas of logic, rule systems, linguistics, and the concept of rationality. At its roots are programming languages such as Lisp and Prolog. Expert systems are the largest successful example of this paradigm. An expert system consists of a detailed knowledge base and a complex rule system to utilize it. Such systems have been used for such things as medical diagnosis support and credit checking systems.
- SNePS
Web site: www.cs.buffalo.edu/pub/sneps/WWW/
FTP site: ftp.cs.buffalo.edu/pub/sneps/- The long-term goal of The SNePS Research Group is the design and construction of a natural-language-using computerized cognitive agent, and carrying out the research in artificial intelligence, computational linguistics, and cognitive science necessary for that endeavor. The three-part focus of the group is on knowledge representation, reasoning, and natural-language understanding and generation. The group is widely known for its development of the SNePS knowledge representation/reasoning system, and Cassie, its computerized cognitive agent.
- CONNECTIONISM
- Connectionism is a technical term for a group of related techniques. These techniques include areas such as Artificial Neural Networks, Semantic Networks and a few other similar ideas. My present focus is on neural networks (though I am looking for resources on the other techniques). Neural networks are programs designed to simulate the workings of the brain. They consist of a network of small mathematical-based nodes, which work together to form patterns of information. They have tremendous potential and currently seem to be having a great deal of success with image processing and robot control.
- PDP++
Web site: www.cnbc.cmu.edu/PDP++/
FTP site (US): cnbc.cmu.edu/pub/pdp++/
FTP site (Europe): unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/pdp++/- As the field of connectionist modeling has grown, so has the need for a comprehensive simulation environment for the development and testing of connectionist models. Our goal in developing PDP++ has been to integrate several powerful software development and user interface tools into a general purpose simulation environment that is both user friendly and user extensible. The simulator is built in the C++ programming language, and incorporates a state of the art script interpreter with the full expressive power of C++. The graphical user interface is built with the Interviews toolkit, and allows full access to the data structures and processing modules out of which the simulator is built. We have constructed several useful graphical modules for easy interaction with the structure and the contents of neural networks, and we've made it possible to change and adapt many things. At the programming level, we have set things up in such a way as to make user extensions as painless as possible. The programmer creates new C++ objects, which might be new kinds of units or new kinds of processes; once compiled and linked into the simulator, these new objects can then be accessed and used like any other.
- EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTING [EC]
- Evolutionary computing is actually a broad term for a vast array of programming techniques, including genetic algorithms, complex adaptive systems, evolutionary programming, etc. The main thrust of all these techniques is the idea of evolution. The idea that a program can be written that will evolve toward a certain goal. This goal can be anything from solving some engineering problem to winning a game.
- GAGS
Web site: kal-el.ugr.es/gags.html
FTP site: kal-el.ugr.es/GAGS/- Genetic Algorithm application generator and class library written mainly in C++.
As a class library, and among other thing, GAGS includes:As an application generator (written in
- A chromosome hierarchy with variable length chromosomes. Genetic operators: 2-point crossover, uniform crossover, bit-flip mutation, transposition (gene interchange between 2 parts of the chromosome), and variable-length operators: duplication, elimination, and random addition.
- Population level operators include steady state, roulette wheel and tournament selection.
- Gnuplot wrapper: turns gnuplot into a
iostreams-like class.- Easy sample file loading and configuration file parsing.
PERL), you only need to supply it with an ANSI-C or C++ fitness function, and it creates a C++ program that uses the above library to 90% capacity, compiles it, and runs it, saving results and presenting fitness thrugnuplot.
- ALIFE
- Alife takes yet another approach to exploring the mysteries of intelligence. It has many aspects similar to EC and connectionism, but takes these ideas and gives them a meta-level twist. Alife emphasizes the development of intelligence through emergent behavior of complex adaptive systems. Alife stresses the social or group based aspects of intelligence. It seeks to understand life and survival. By studying the behaviors of groups of 'beings' Alife seeks to discover the way intelligence or higher order activity emerges from seemingly simple individuals. Cellular Automata and Conway's Game of Life are probably the most commonly known applications of this field.
- Tierra
Web site: www.hip.atr.co.jp/~ray/tierra/tierra.html
FTP site: alife.santafe.edu/pub/SOFTWARE/Tierra/
Alternate FTP site: ftp.cc.gatech.edu/ac121/linux/science/biology/- Tierra's written in the C programming language. This source code creates a virtual computer and its operating system, whose architecture has been designed in such a way that the executable machine codes are evolvable. This means that the machine code can be mutated (by flipping bits at random) or recombined (by swapping segments of code between algorithms), and the resulting code remains functional enough of the time for natural (or presumably artificial) selection to be able to improve the code over time.
- AUTONOMOUS AGENTS
- Also known as intelligent software agents or just agents, this area of AI research deals with simple applications of small programs that aid the user in his/her work. They can be mobile (able to stop their execution on one machine and resume it on another) or static (live in one machine). They are usually specific to the task (and therefore fairly simple) and meant to help the user much as an assistant would. The most popular (ie. widely known) use of this type of application to date are the web robots that many of the indexing engines (eg. webcrawler) use.
- Ara
Web site: www.uni-kl.de/AG-Nehmer/Ara/- Ara is a platform for the portable and secure execution of mobile agents in heterogeneous networks. Mobile agents in this sense are programs with the ability to change their host machine during execution while preserving their internal state. This enables them to handle interactions locally which otherwise had to be performed remotely. Ara's specific aim in comparison to similar platforms is to provide full mobile agent functionality while retaining as much as possible of established programming models and languages.
Copyright © 1997, John Eikenberry
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
Linux: For Programmer Only--NOT!
By Mike List,
A couple of weeks ago, I was in a computer repair shop, trying to get a deal on some hardware. The owner was trying to sell me on how cool Win95 is. I told him I run Linux, then gave him the same hard/soft sell I give to every one that I think might have use for Linux. I'm just a glutton for punishment that way. He looked at me blankly, and said Unix is a programmer's OS and it's not good for the average user. My turn to look blankly, "Apparently that means that MS is an illiterate's OS, and not good for the educated user". I didn't say that but I thought it very loudly, and the conversation was over....
I should have been more understanding of his attitude. Part of the reason that Linux hasn't become more mainstream is the belief that you must be a highly trained programmer to make it run. That simply isn't the case.
I hope to dispel some of this notion by pointing out my personal experience with Linux. I am not a programmer, I can barely write a good shell script, but I am happy as a clam with my Slackware 3.2 beta installation and only very infrequently boot to the DOS/WFWG 3.11 partition.
Programming consists of writing code and compiling it, and very little of this is required to effectively use Linux. Although many applications are distributed as source code, the source code in most cases require very little modification. Compiling source code, moreover is not as complicated as it might seem. One command, "make" can usually accomplish this compilation and the advice to inspect MakeFiles can largely be ignored(I probably should be horsewhipped for the previous statement, but in my experience it's nonetheless true.). There is no doubt that the Linux experience is enhanced by programming ability. Linux does lend itself to source code modification, which is part of the reason that its development and bug fixes have been so rapid, and continuous improvement has been the hallmark of Linux, as well as the whole of the GNU organization.
It might be closer to the truth to consider Linux a hacker's medium, simply because "hacker" means different things to different people.I do not consider myself a hacker, although several MS Windows users have described me that way. "Hacker", "cracker" and "programmer" are, in my opinion often erroneously used as synonyms, by people who haven't acquired computer skills beyond user level.
This myth is probably furthered by manufacturers of the more well known OS, although not necessarily deliberately. Salesmanship requires manipulation of certain facts, and in the case of OS software, this is even more likely to be the case. FACT: There is no perfect OS. FACT: Proponents of any OS tend to misplace that fact, even Linux advocates.
In my own family there exists a conflict of opinion regarding WFWG 3.11 vs. Linux, which in time is growing weaker, with Linux becoming more acceptable to my wife and kids(I have admittedly used subversive techniques to accomplish this goal, such as leaving the computer on all the time, in X). In addition, I made sure to download programs that were similar to ones used by my kids in WFWG, such as xpaint, and Netscape, as well as several games, both SVGALIB, and X. Koules is a big favorite, as is SASTEROIDS, and some while ago I had a flight sim, FLY8111, that was a litle too challenging so it quietly disappeared. I have put the BSD text based games on as an inducement to get my 15 year old foster son to read with some enthusiasm, with moderate success. All I have to do now is find a word processing application that my wife will accept readily, and I'll experience little resistance, hopefully to commandeering the drive that's currently loaded with DOS and WFWG.When I recompiled the kernel, I added sound support, and even though I've had a little trouble installing a sound playing program, the kids and I still make use of a pair of extremely basic scripts based on the drivers README that allow us to record and playback music. My sound card is an old eight bit SoundBlaster so the sound quality isn't great, but I used it to rehearse the song I sang at my oldest daughter's wedding, to good effect.
Earlier, I stated that I'm not really capable of writing a decent shell script, but very simple scripts similar to DOS batch files can be written by nearly anyone, and examples of scripts abound on many sites, so keystroke saving measures are available to any one who cares to try their hand at it. The Linux Gazette, in particular has provided me with plenty of template like scripts from which I have learned what little I know about more advanced scripting.
Linux advocates need, in my opinion to show patience with new users to a greater degree than is currently the fashion. Banter among the initiated has camaraderie value, but often puts off the prospective Linux convert. When I was investigating Linux, I was told by one respondent to my usenet posting "Do not meddle in the ways of wizards for their ways are subtle and quick to anger." Hardly an encouraging statement, but with my temperament it served to strengthen my resolve to show the SOB. I daresay most casual computer users would not respond as I did, however.
For the advancement of Linux I would recommend that you (Linux gurus) choke on RTFM, unless you're sure that the person you are talking to has acquired the skills needed to effectively read those FMs. My experience has shown me that Linux distributions are almost as plug and play as anything MS, IBM, Apple or anyone else has to offer. This provides a jumping off point that will motivate users to learn skills that they previously thought to be beyond them. By drawing them into Linux operation slowly, they may become capable programmers, at which point they will have made it their OS. A programmer's OS.
Copyright © 1997, Mike List
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
QPS, A New Qt-Based Monitor
Introduction
The Qt C++ software development toolkit, by Norway's Troll Tech, has been available long enough now that applications are beginning to appear which use Qt rather than Motif, Xlib or Tcl/TK. Programs developed with Qt have an identifiable and distinctive appearance, with some resemblance to both Windows and Motif. There has been some resistance in the Linux community to widespread adoption of the toolkit due to its hybrid licensing arrangement. The toolkit is freely available in the Linux version, and its use in the development of free, GNU-ish software is free and unrestricted, but for other platforms and for commercial Linux software Qt is a commercial product.
Remember when Tcl/Tk began to become widely used a couple of years ago? Applications and utilities written with the toolkit began to proliferate, one reason being that the learning curve is relatively gentle and a quick X interface to a command-line utility could be contrived in a short time. C programmers found that the guts of a program could be written in C, while the tricky X-windows interface could be quickly put together with Tcl/Tk. This benefited the Linux community as a whole, making it easier for new users and developers to gain a foothold on the sometimes forbiddingly steep unix terrain.
Qt is an entirely different sort of toolkit than Tk, since it is based on C++ and doesn't have the interpreted script layer of Tk. (It more closely resembles Bruce Wampler's V package, described in the Dec. 1996 issue of Linux Journal.) In order to run QT applications the libqt shared lib must be available as well as a small executable, moc. The Qt header (include) files are needed as well to compile these applications from scratch. The Qt source package is available from the Troll Tech FTP site. Many small sample applications and demos, as well tutorials and ample documentation, are included in the package.
QPS
has recently written and released a process monitor similar to top, the classic interface to ps. Top, though a character-mode application, is commonly run in an xterm or rxvt window in an X session. There is one problem with top in a window; scrolling down to the bottom of the process list doesn't work, so the entries at the bottom are inaccessible without resizing the window. There may be a way to do this, but I haven't been able to find one. A minor issue, I suppose, since the ordering of the entries can be easily toggled so that either the most memory-intensive or the most CPU-intensive processes appear at the top.
Qps is a more X-friendly application than top, with scrollbars and a mouse-oriented interface. Clicking on any of the header categories, such as %CPU, SIZE, or %MEM, will sort the processes in descending order. Alt-k will kill a highlighted process. A series of bar-graphs along with an xload-like meter form a status bar at the top of the window. This can be toggled on and off from the menu-bar. When Qps is iconified the icon is the small xload-like pane from the status-bar, which is a nice touch.
Here's a screenshot:
Qt applications don't use the X resources typical of most X programs; one result of this is that Qps seems to be confined to the default white, gray, and black color scheme. It can generate a resource file in your home directory which specifies which fields you'd like to see and whether the status-bar should be visible or not.
Qps could be thought of as a sort of second-generation Linux utility, written for users who rarely work from the console and boot directly into an X session. It should fit in well with the KDE suite of applications, which are also being developed with Qt. Though it uses more memory than top in an rxvt window, I find myself using it often while running X. I think this is a solid, dependable application and deserves attention from the Linux community.
Availability
Currently the Qps-1.1 source is in the Sunsite Incoming directory, but will most likely end up in the status directory. An alternate Swedish site is here.
Copyright © 1997, Larry Ayers
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
The UnRpm-Install Package
Introduction
No matter what distribution of Linux you have installed, there will come a time when you would like to install a package in one of the other distribution's formats. No one distribution has available every possible package, and the updates to packages often depend on a volunteer's inclination and time constraints.
On a reasonably current and well-maintained Linux system, most of the quality source-code packages will compile without much effort beyond perusal of the README and INSTALL files. In other words, *.rpm and *.deb packages aren't vitally necessary, though the ease of upgrading or removal possible with these packages makes them a time-saving convenience.
But few people have both the time and/or inclination to compile every new program from source. It does take more time than using a precompiled package, and often a package maintainer will have access to patches which haven't yet been incorporated into an official release. One of these patches might be just what it takes to insure a successful installation on your system! Therefore it stands to reason that the more different genera of precompiled packages you have available, the wider the pool of available software.
A year and a half ago I was running a Slackware 3.0 system, but had used Redhat just long enough to appreciate the value of an rpm package. As I remember, there were a few pieces of software which I was unable, no matter what tweaking I did, to successfully compile. The rpm's available for those packages were tempting, but I didn't want to start from scratch and reinstall the Redhat Linux distribution just for a few packages. Poking around the Redhat FTP site, I saw that the source for the then-current version of rpm was available, and after various trials and tribulations I managed to successfully compile and install it. The crucial factor which made it all work was downloading and installing a newer version of cpio, which was right there in the Redhat rpm directory. It wasn't the easiest installation I've ever done, but I don't blame the folks at Redhat for not making it a no-brainer. After all, they evidently worked long and hard developing the rpm package system and they surely wanted to leverage its value in influencing users to buy their distribution. Redhat is to be commended for resisting purely commercial urges and making rpm freely available.
Two distributions later, I never have gotten around to reinstalling rpm, partly because the Debian distribution has a utility called alien, which will convert an *.rpm file into a *.deb file. This is a nice utility, but sometimes I'd just like to poke around inside a package and see what's there without actually installing it. Both rpm and Debian's dpkg utility have command-line switches for just listing the contents, or extracting individual files from a package. These aren't the sort of switches I would use often enough to memorize, and it's a pain to read the man page each time. So I gradually meander my way to the point of this article...
UnRpm-Install
Recently, in nearly daily updates, has been releasing to the Sunsite archive site a package of programs and scripts which simplify working with these various package formats. UnRpm is most useful when used in conjunction with the Midnight Commander file manager, as one component of the package is a set of entries meant to be appended to the mc user menu.
This is what the package includes:
- the version of cpio which works well with rpm
- two shell scripts from the Slackware distribution, installpkg and removepkg
- rpm2cpio, a program from Redhat which converts an rpm archive to a cpio archive
- dpkgdeb, a program from the Debian distribution which unpacks, packs, or provides information about a Debian archive file
- unrpm and undeb, two shell scripts which can either be used as is or be called by the Midnight Commander.
- Update.mc, a shell script which will append entries for the above scripts and programs to the /usr/lib/mc/mc.menu file
- Install, a shell script which installs the above binaries and shell scripts, and also thoughtfully renames any pre-existing equivalents in case you may want to back out any of the installed files
The earlier versions of UnRpm-Install included statically-linked binaries, no doubt to make them usable by a wider variety of users, but with the disadvantage of large binaries. Since most systems have compatible libc versions installed, which is the only library linked with the binaries, recent versions have included the smaller dynamically-linked versions.
The Midnight Commander in its recent incarnations has excellent support built-in for treating these various archive formats as virtual file-systems, allowing the user to browse through their contents without actually expanding them. The menu entries provided by UnRpm expand upon these capabilities, making it easier than ever to convert one format to another and to see just what an archive will install on your system.
There's nothing in UnRpm-Install which you couldn't gather up yourself, from various FTP sites or distribution cd's. What makes the package valuable is that Kent Robotti has done this for you, and presented these disparate binaries and scripts as a coherent whole, bound together by the Midnight Commander used as archive manager.
Availability
Various versions of UnRpm-Install are still in the /pub/Linux/Incoming directory of the Sunsite FTP archive, but the most recent version will eventually make its way into the archive utility directory.
Copyright © 1997, Larry Ayers
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
Single-User Booting Under Linux
By John Gatewood Ham,
I was trained as a system administrator on HP, IBM, and Sun workstations while working as a DRT consultant assigned to Informix as an alpha-tester. There I learned the need for a true single-user operating mode in Unix. When I tried to use the single user mode with Linux, it did not work in the way that I expected. After many, many reboots I worked out the right configuration to support a true single-user mode on the distribution I was using, Slackware 3.2, by modifying the boot process.This article will now explain how to setup the bootup process for Linux so that single-user mode really works if you are using the Slackware 3.2 distribution (or a derivative). I will begin by assuming that your kernel is correctly configured and that the
initprogram starts successfully. See the Installation-HOWTO atftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Installation-HOWTOfor help to get this far. Once you have a system that boots, however, you have only begun. Why? Most distributions will give you a generic set of initialization scripts that are designed to work for an average installation. You will want to customize this in order to run extra things you want and/or to prevent running things you do not want. With the dozen or so standard startup scripts things can seem confusing, but after you read this article you should be able to understand enough to create a custom environment when you boot that exactly suits you.As I stated earlier, I will begin by assuming that
inithas started successfully. It will examine the file/etc/inittabto determine what to do. In that file are located the lines to activate your login devices such as terminals, modems, and your virtual consoles. Leave that stuff alone. What we are interested in are the lines which call the startup/shutdown scripts. These lines will look something like this:# Default runlevel. id:3:initdefault: # System initialization (runs when system boots). si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.S # Script to run when going single user (runlevel 1). l1:1:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.K # Script to run when going single user (runlevel S or s) mm:S:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.K2 # Script to run when going multi user. rc:23456:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.M # Runlevel 0 halts the system. l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.0 # Runlevel 6 reboots the system. l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.6The comments are present and are very helpful. First you need to determine your default runlevel. In this case it is 3. The format of the
/etc/inittabfile section we are looking at is simple. Blank lines are ignored. Lines with '#' as the first character are comments and are ignored. Other lines have 4 parts separated by the colon character. These parts are 1. symbolic label, 2. runlevel, 3. action and 4.command to run. These are documented in the section 5 manual page for/etc/inittab(man 5 inittab). First we must find a line with an action ofinitdefault, and then see what runlevel it has. That will be the default runlevel. Obviously you should not have 2 lines that haveinitdefaultas the action in an/etc/inittabfile. Once you know the default runlevel, you will be able to know what/etc/inittabentries will be processed byinit. The 1 runlevel is considered single-user maintenance mode, but it supported multiple simultaneous logins in virtual terminals with the default/etc/inittabon my systems. You can prevent this by removing the 1 from the getty lines of the tty2, tty3, tty4, etc. The 3 runlevel is considered the normal multi-user mode with full networking support. The S runlevel is supposed to be true single-user, and you can theoretically enter that runlevel using theliloparametersingle. However, for the Slackware 3.2 distribution, that does not put you in a single-user mode as you would expect, but instead you wind up in runlevel 3. The/etc/inittabfile I show here does not have that problem however. Once you have read this article you can change the system to behave in the expected manner. So we know we will go to runlevel 3. That meansinitwill perform every command in the/etc/inittabfile that has asysinit, thenboot, orbootwait, and finally any entries for our runlevel 3. When you want to run a script when entering a runlevel, it doesn't make sense to have more than one script line in the/etc/inittabfile for that level. Instead, you should put everything in 1 script, or call scripts from within the script mentioned in the/etc/inittabfile using the dot method. Once thing to note is that field 2, the runlevel field, can have more than 1 runlevel specified. Theinitprogram will first run thesientry (and we will wait for it to finish running/etc/rc.d/rc.S) since it hassysinit(which implieswait) in the third field. Then it will run everything with 3 specified. So in our example file we will run thesitarget, then therctarget (and we will wait for it to finish running the/etc/rc.d/rc.Mscript since the third field iswait), and finally we it will do thec1throughc6targets which set up the virtual ttys during a normal boot.If we boot (via
lilo) and add thesingleparameter, we will still run thesitarget (/etc/rc.d/rc.S) and wait for it to complete, but then we will run themmtarget (/etc/rc.d/rc.K2). Keep in mind that runlevel 1 and runlevel S are essentially the same when you enter them, but how you get there is very different. Runlevel 1 can be entered by using the command/sbin/telinit 1, but/sbin/telinit swill send you to runlevel 5 often for some reason (some kind of bug). Runlevel 1 will give you a normal log in, and allows 1 user (any 1 user) to log in at the console. With this setup, runlevel S will give you a special root-only login that allows only root to use the console. Since only root can log in, only a special password prompt is displayed. If you press enter or ctl-D, the system will return to runlevel 3. This root-only login is accomplished by using the/bin/suloginprogram. Runlevel S is probably what you want when you think single-user, but you have to reboot the machine and useliloand have the single parameter to make it work. You can use runlevel 1 to accomplish the same things, but remember you will have to manually return to runlevel 3 when you are done with another call to/sbin/telinit 3or a reboot, and you must insure that nobody else can get to the console but the root user. WARNING: The true single-user mode entered with the single parameter tolilowith my/etc/inittaband/etc/rc.d/rc.K2will support only 1 console and no other virtual terminals. Do not run anything that locks up the terminal!Ok, so what do we know now? We know what scripts
initwill call and when they will be called. But what can be in those scripts? The scripts should be written for bash unless you are a real guru and KNOW the other shell you wrote scripts for will be available during boot. There is nothing preventing you from usingperlortcshor whatever, but traditionally most everyone usesbashscripts (ok, ok, Bourne shell scripts) for unix boot scripts. The/etc/rc.d/rc.Sscript which is called at system boot time should take care of things likefsck'ing your file systems, mounting them, and starting up swapping and other essential daemons. These are things that you need independent of runlevel. The/etc/rc.d/rc.Mscript which is called when you enter runlevel 3 should start all the processes that remain that you usually need during normal system operation EXCEPT things likegetty. Processes that must be restarted whenever they stop running likegettyshould be placed in the/etc/inittabfile instead of being started by a boot script. So what is in a typical/etc/rc.d/rc.Mscript? Usually configuring the network , starting web servers, sendmail, and anything else you want to always run like database servers, quota programs, etc.The only startup script I mention in my
/etc/inittabthat is not included in the Slackware 3.2 distribution is/etc/rc.d/rc.K2, and it is merely a modified version of/etc/rc.d/rc.Kset up for single user mode. Remember this is the startup script that will be used if you choose to enter thesingleparameter tolilo. At the end of this file you will see a line:exec /bin/sulogin /dev/consoleThis will replace the current process which is running the script with the
/bin/suloginprogram. This means, of course, that this has to be the last line in your script, since nothing after this line will be processed bybash. After that program starts, it displays a message to either enter the root password or press ctl-D. If you enter the correct root password, you will be logged in as root in a true single-user mode. Be careful, though, because when you exit that shell the machine will go into runlevel 3. If you want to reboot before entering runlevel 3 you must remember to do it (viashutdown) instead of just exiting the shell. If you press ctl-D instead of the root password, the system will enter runlevel 3. I have changed the incorrect calls tokillto use thekillall5program, since the lines withkillcausedinitto be killed and a runlevel change was happening incorrectly.Well, I hope that this description of how I enabled my Linux machine to have a single-user mode similar to that of the big-name workstations proves helpful to you. Customizing your boot process is not too hard, once you understand something about how the
/etc/inittaband/etc/rc.d/*scripts work. Be sure you 1. backup your entire system, 2. have a boot floppy, and 3. a rescue floppy that can restore the backup (or any individual files) you made in step 1 using the boot floppy from step 2 to boot the machine. If you make a 1 character typo you can prevent the machine from booting, so the backup steps, while tedious, are really necessary to protect yourself before you experiment.The Files
Here are the files I used. Use at your own risk. They work for me, but may need to be modified to work for you.
/etc/inittab# # inittab This file describes how the INIT process should set up # the system in a certain run-level. # # Version: @(#)inittab 2.04 17/05/93 MvS # 2.10 02/10/95 PV # # Author: Miquel van Smoorenburg, # Modified by: Patrick J. Volkerding, # Modified by: John Gatewood Ham, # # Default runlevel. id:3:initdefault: # System initialization (runs when system boots). si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.S # Script to run when going maintenance mode (runlevel 1). l1:1:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.K # Script to run when going single user (runlevel s) mm:S:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.K2 # Script to run when going multi user. rc:23456:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.M # What to do at the "Three Finger Salute". # make the machine halt on ctl-alt-del ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -h now "going down on ctl-alt-del" # Runlevel 0 halts the system. l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.0 # Runlevel 6 reboots the system. l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.6 # What to do when power fails (shutdown to single user). pf::powerfail:/sbin/shutdown -f +5 "THE POWER IS FAILING" # If power is back before shutdown, cancel the running shutdown. pg:0123456:powerokwait:/sbin/shutdown -c "THE POWER IS BACK" # If power comes back in single user mode, return to multi user mode. ps:S:powerokwait:/sbin/init 5 # The getties in multi user mode on consoles an serial lines. # # NOTE NOTE NOTE adjust this to your getty or you will not be # able to login !! # # Note: for 'agetty' you use linespeed, line. # for 'getty_ps' you use line, linespeed and also use 'gettydefs' # we really don't want multiple logins in single user mode... c1:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty1 linux c2:235:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty2 linux c3:235:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty3 linux c4:235:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty4 linux c5:235:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty5 linux c6:235:respawn:/sbin/agetty 38400 tty6 linux # Serial lines #s1:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 19200 ttyS0 vt100 #s2:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 19200 ttyS1 vt100 # Dialup lines #d1:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty -mt60 38400,19200,9600,2400,1200 ttyS0 vt100 #d2:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty -mt60 38400,19200,9600,2400,1200 ttyS1 vt100 # Runlevel 4 used to be for an X-window only system, until we discovered # that it throws init into a loop that keeps your load avg at least 1 all # the time. Thus, there is now one getty opened on tty1. Hopefully no one # will notice. ;^) # It might not be bad to have one text console anyway, in case something # happens to X. x1:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.4 # End of /etc/inittab
/etc/rc.d/rc.K# /bin/sh # # rc.K This file is executed by init when it goes into runlevel # 1, which is the administrative state. It kills all # deamons and then puts the system into single user mode. # Note that the file systems are kept mounted. # # Version: @(#)/etc/rc.d/rc.K 1.50 1994-01-18 # Version: @(#)/etc/rc.d/rc.K 1.60 1995-10-02 (PV) # # Author: Miquel van Smoorenburg # Modified by: Patrick J. Volkerding # Modified by: John Gatewood Ham # # Set the path. PATH=/sbin:/etc:/bin:/usr/bin # Kill all processes. echo echo "Sending all processes the TERM signal." killall5 -15 echo -n "Waiting for processes to terminate" for loop in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ; do sleep 1 echo -n "." done echo echo "Sending all processes the KILL signal." killall5 -9 # Try to turn off quota and accounting. if [ -x /usr/sbin/quotaoff ] then echo "Turning off quota.." /usr/sbin/quotaoff -a fi if [ -x /sbin/accton ] then echo "Turning off accounting.." /sbin/accton fi
/etc/rc.d/rc.K2# /bin/sh # # rc.K This file is executed by init when it goes into runlevel # 1, which is the administrative state. It kills all # deamons and then puts the system into single user mode. # Note that the file systems are kept mounted. # # Version: @(#)/etc/rc.d/rc.K 1.50 1994-01-18 # Version: @(#)/etc/rc.d/rc.K 1.60 1995-10-02 (PV) # # Author: Miquel van Smoorenburg # Modified by: Patrick J. Volkerding # Modified by: John Gatewood Ham # # Set the path. PATH=/sbin:/etc:/bin:/usr/bin # Kill all processes. echo echo "Sending all processes the TERM signal." killall5 -15 echo -n "Waiting for processes to terminate" for loop in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ; do sleep 1 echo -n "." done echo echo "Sending all processes the KILL signal." killall5 -9 # Try to turn off quota and accounting. if [ -x /usr/sbin/quotaoff ] then echo "Turning off quota.." /usr/sbin/quotaoff -a fi if [ -x /sbin/accton ] then echo "Turning off accounting.." /sbin/accton fi # Now go to the single user level exec /bin/sulogin /dev/console
Information about me.
Copyright © 1997, John Gatewood Ham
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
User Groups and Trade Shows
Lessons from the Atlanta Linux Showcase
by Andrew Newton
Trade shows and expos are not at all uncommon in the computer industry. But not since the early days of microcomputers, when CP/M was King and toggle switches were the user interface, have user groups been heavily involved. So in the era of powerful non-commercial software, couldn't the trade shows also be non-commercial?
We, the members of the Atlanta Linux Enthusiasts (ALE), found out the answer is yes. Originating from correspondence with Linux International for some local help for Linux vendors at COMDEX and our own Linux demo fest (called the "Geek-Off") a year earlier, we put together a non-commercial, user group organized trade show. On June 7, 1997, we put on the largest Linux vendor showcase to date.
Get Started With The Essentials
So let's say you, being the Linux activist of your community, want to do your bit to spread the word. Where would you start?
Although we didn't necessarily do this, we learned there are two essential things to get a Linux trade show off the ground: 1) a time and place, and 2) a checking account. And in the words of our own Marc Torres, once you have those two items, "the rest grows from there."
It was a given that we would hold the Atlanta Linux Showcase as close to COMDEX as possible. After all, this whole idea came from helping out the Linux vendors at COMDEX. Plus the idea of getting the COMDEX crowd was good. We theorized that many people flying in for COMDEX would stay over the following weekend to save on air fare. And they could easily justify it if they were attending another computer show.
Picking the place was a little more troublesome, but not impossible. We finally decided on The Inforum because it was located only blocks away from the venue for COMDEX, was in downtown Atlanta, and well known to many.
Finally, the checking account is very important. As it turns out we didn't do this immediately and paid the price in countless hours of meetings discussing logistics. A checking account is important because it gives you a place from which to send money and, more importantly, a place to receive money. People like it better when they can write checks to "Big Time Linux Event" instead of "Bob Smurd."
One of the major inhibitors behind our acquisition of a checking account was our incredible lack of knowledge when it comes to the law. After all, we are a bunch of computer jocks, not attorneys. We had many seemingly endless discussions on issues such as incorporation, non-profit status, tax codes, the right to bear arms, etc. In the end, David Hamm, one of our most active members, just ended up going to a bank and getting a new checking account under his control. Incidentally, David became the treasurer.
David Miller eyes a bottle of ALS Ale. - Photo by Amy Ayers
Put Time On Your Side
Unfortunately, we didn't. Of course, we had the COMDEX target date to shoot for giving us little time between our mobilization and the event. If you can pick a date over six months out, do so. There are multiple reasons for this, most of which have to do with reserving space.
First, you must reserve space somewhere to hold your event. We lucked out in our case, but many venues will require booking many months ahead of time, especially the ones that don't often cost so much money such as college campuses and state buildings.
Second, you must reserve space in print media for advertising and publicity. While we were able to get ads in our local computer magazines and the event listed in some calendars, we did miss deadlines elsewhere. You may have noticed there were no advertisements for the Atlanta Linux Showcase in Linux Journal. We missed the deadline. In addition, it takes time to grease the wheels for free publicity.
A brief word about FREE PUBLICITY - There is no such thing; you'll work for every last bit of it. Free publicity means getting listed in upcoming events calendars and maybe an article or two about Linux in the local paper with a small plug at the end for the event. If you do take the time to pay for advertising, use the advertising representative as a way of getting your event some extra publicity in that publication. Many publications put on the appearance that their articles are completely disjoint from their advertising on the basis of journalistic ethics, but with the exception of SSC that isn't true.
A brief word about paid advertising - It is like buying a used car. What an ad rep puts on a rate card isn't necessarily the price you have to pay. Try talking them down. Again, this doesn't apply to SSC.
Organize Your Volunteers
We divided our group into two major camps, organizers and volunteers. The first were the people that planned the event out for months and did a lot of the leg work. The second were the people that showed up the day of the show and manned the registration desk, checked badges, etc.
You don't want to have too many organizers as it becomes difficult to manage a large group of people over a large span of time. We divided up our group into teams of 3 or 4, with many people being on 2 or more teams. This gave us what philosophical management types like to call cross-functional teams. By having more than one person on a team, it helped insure no one person was the only source of information or action.
We had the following teams:
- Vendor - contacted vendors
- Talks - organized the speakers and presenters
- Publicity - handled advertising and publicity
- Finance - dealt with our mounds of gold
- Logistics - managed booth layouts and site coordination
In hind sight, we should have also created a "Registration" team to handle all the registrations for both walk-in and pre-paid registrations. Our answer to this was to make the Talks team and the Logistics team work together, which worked but not as smoothly as we would have liked. It is better to have a group of people who are solely in charge of registration and aren't distracted with other problems.
We didn't solicit for volunteers until a month before our show. In retrospect, it probably should have been two months. We gave our volunteers a briefing the day before the Showcase and had a work schedule already printed when they arrived. We also required them to work 2 three-hour shifts for manageability purposes and to keep the number of volunteers to a minimum but in the end solicited for some more at the last minute (thanks Ben and Vicki).
A brief note about Volunteers - Treat them well, because they are working for free. And if you do that, most will go the extra mile treating the attendees well and pulling those extra shifts or duties you didn't anticipate (thanks James). Also put your "people-person" types at the registration desk where they will likely be needed the most. More personable people will be able to sell t-shirts and so forth much more easily (thanks Karen). Finally, thank your volunteers. Everybody likes to be told they've done a good job (thanks everyone else).
Another seemingly weird thing we did was to make our volunteers pay for the honor to work our event. It seems odd, but it worked. The idea was to have them show us they weren't going to volunteer and then back out on us at the last minute. In exchange for their $30, they got a polo shirt and were able to see all the presentations at a lower price than anyone else. And the cash flow didn't hurt either. While we didn't mandate this for the organizers, it wouldn't be a bad idea. However, all the organizers did have to pay for their own shirts and many loaned hundreds of dollars to the effort.
Linus, Tove and Patricia meet Zeph Hull, a showcase volunteer. - Photo by Amy Ayers
Coordinate Vendors
Organize your vendor team so everybody knows which person is calling what company but only one person is calling each. It is nice for everyone to know the status of a potential vendor. It is not nice to have 3 separate people make 3 separate cold calls to the same potential vendor.
When contacting vendors, use the phone as your primary means of communications and not e-mail. While it seems e-mail would work, it is human nature to give it a much lower priority than a phone call. We found many companies that ignored our e-mail's responded quite positively to our phone calls.
One of the things we should have done sooner was bill the vendors. We charged each vendor $400 for a booth and sent them an invoice. While we were expecting one week turn turnarounds on payment, the business world doesn't work that way. In many cases, paperwork and payments can take up to 30 days to get through the accounting offices of some companies.
Get People To Talk
We solicited for speakers and presenters over the comp.os.linux.announce news group. This had to be done multiple times, but eventually the offers started rolling in. We also drew upon some local talent. And in many cases, the vendors also wanted to give presentations.
Getting speakers to volunteer was the easy part. Getting them to the Showcase was the difficult part. We had to solicit money from sponsoring companies and the vendors in order to pay for the travel and lodging expenses for Linus Torvalds, Eric Raymond, David Miller, Richard Henderson, Miguel de Icaza, and the rest of the crew (and we still owe a debt of gratitude to Digital and Caldera for all they did in this department).
Once the money was appropriated, travel plans and hotel accommodations were made - at least that's how it works in the ideal world. A lot of the travel costs were floated on the credit cards of organizers until they could be reimbursed. Do make plane reservations and travel arrangements as far ahead of time as possible; you can save on air fare that way.
Work The System
This involves taking advantage of perks and getting the extras out of the people with whom you are doing business. For example, we decided to also rent some conference rooms at the Days Inn which was just next store to The Inforum. These conference rooms were used for Birds Of A Feather sessions and impromptu meetings by our attendees. In order to secure a good price on the room rental, we made an agreement with the hotel management that we would guarantee they got a certain number of room bookings based on our event. We then set-up that hotel as our "Official" hotel and asked most of our out-of-town guests to try the Days Inn first. In addition, our attendees were able to get a reasonable rate at a downtown hotel. Our guest speakers were also booked there.
Genie Travel also became our "Official" travel agent. Genie gave us a certain percentage on every flight booked through them, and their air fares were very reasonable. Although we didn't take advantage of this until very late in the game, it would be very advantageous for us to do it again. Genie Travel uses Linux in their day-to-day operations and probably would be very happy to repeat this arrangement with another Linux event.
Another good idea would be to solicit the help of other Linux users groups. Often other users groups that are geographically close by may be able to help. Be sure to get them in on it early in the planning stage. For instance, we solicited SALUG (Southern Alabama) and CHUGALUG (Athens, GA), albeit at the last minute. Coordinating with other users groups also insures that the Linux community isn't throwing a trade show every month in towns only 100 miles apart (this stretches the resources of the Linux vendors and the enthusiasm these shows generate)..
One last thing that can help is to have a Sugar-Daddy. In our case it was Linux International. Jon "Maddog" Hall of Linux International helped get us credit through which we were able secure our lease on the rooms at The Inforum. If you ask him nicely, he may do the same for you.
Have Fun
Keep in mind that organizing such an event is very hard word and requires a lot of time. We estimate over 2000 man hours were spent by ALE members putting together our show. But with any luck, your user group will be able to pull off a grand Linux event. And remember, have fun. Don't hold your trade show to make money. Do it to spread the word of Linux and to cavort with other like-minded Linux hobbyists.
Finally, we'd like to thank all our volunteers, vendors, speakers, and organizers for helping out with the Atlanta Linux Showcase. If you are interested in any videos of the presentations at the 1997 Atlanta Linux Showcase or t-shirts and polo shirts, please visit our web site at http://www.ale.org/showcase/. And if you have any questions, please feel free to send us e-mail at .
Greg Hankins hangs out with Maddog and David Hamm. - Photo by Amy Ayers
Copyright © 1997, Andrew Newton
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
Using Python to Generate HTML Pages
By Richie Bielak,
Introduction
I have waited for a long time to set up my own Web site, mostly because I didn't know what to put there that others may want to see. Then I got an idea. Since I'm an avid reader and an aviation enthusiast, I decided to create pages with a list of aviation books I have read. My initial intention was to write reviews for each book.
Setting up the pages was easy to start with, but as I added more books the maintenance became tedious. I had to update couple of indices with the same data and I had to sort them by hand, and alphabetizing was never my strong suit. I needed to find a better way.
Around the same time I became interested in the programming language Python and it seemed that Python would be a good tool to automatically generate the various HTML pages from a simple text file. This would greatly simplify the updates of my book pages, as I would only add one entry to one file and then create complete pages by running a Python script.
I was attracted to Python for two main reasons: it's very good at processing strings and it's object oriented. Of course the fact that Python interpreter is free and that it runs on many different systems helped. At first I installed Python on my Win95 machine, but I just couldn't force myself to do any programming in the Windows environment, even in Python. Instead I installed Linux and moved all my Web projects there.
The Problem
The main goal of the program is to generate three different book indices, by author, by title and by subject, from a single input file. I started by defining the format of this file. Here is what a typical entry describing one book looks like:title: Zero Three Bravo author: Gosnell, Mariana subject: General Aviation url: 3zb.htm # this is a commentEach line starts with a keyword (eg. "title:" or "author:") and is followed by a value that will be shown in the final HTML page. Description of each book must start the "title:" line, there must be at least one "author:" tag, and the "url:" entry points to a review of the book, if there is one.Since Python is object-oriented we begin program design by looking for "objects". In a nutshell, object oriented (OO) programming is a way to structure your code around the things, that is "objects", that the program is working with. This rather simple idea of organizing software around what it works with (objects), rather than what it does (functions), turns out to be surprisingly powerful.
Within an OO program similar objects are grouped into "classes" and the code we write describes each class. Objects that belong to a given class are called "instances of the class".
I hope it is pretty obvious to you that since the program will manipulate "book" objects, we need a Python class that will represent a single book. Just knowing this is enough to let us suspend design and write some code.
The Book Class
Before we start looking at the code we need to consider briefly how Python programs are organized. Each program consists of a number of modules, each module is contained in a file (usually named with the extension ".py") and the name of the file (without the ".py") serves as the module name. A module can contain any number of routines or classes. Typically things that are related are kept in one module. For example, there is string module that contains functions that operate on strings. To access functions or classes from another module we use the import statement. For example the first line of the Book module is:from string import split, stripwhich says that the routines split and strip are obtained from the strings module.Next, I have to point out few syntactic features of Python that are not immediately obvious the code. The most important is the fact that in Python indentation is part of the syntax. To see which statements will be executed following an "if", all you need to look at is indentation - there is no need for curly braces, BEGIN/END pairs or "fi" statements.
Here is a typical "if" statement extracted from the set_author routine in the Book class:
if new_author: names = split (new_author, ",") self.last_name.append (strip (names[0])) self.first_name.append (strip (names[1])) else: self.last_name = [] self.first_name = []The three statements following the "if" are executed if "new_author" variable contains a non-null value. The amount of indentation is not important, but it must be consistent. Also note the colon (":") which is used to terminate the header of each compound statement.The Book class turns out to be very simple. It consists of routines that set the values for author, title, subject and the URL for each book. For example, here is the set_title routine:
def set_title (self, new_title): self.title = new_titleThe first argument to the "set_title" method (that is a routine which belongs to a class) is "self". This argument always refers to the instance to which the method is applied. Furthermore, the attributes (i.e. the data contained in each object) must be qualified with "self" when referenced within the body of a method. In the example above the attribute "title" of a "Book" object is set to value of "new_title".If in another part of a program we have variable "b" that references an instance of a "Book" class this call would set the book's title:
b.set_title ("Fate is the Hunter")Note that the "self" argument is not present in the call, instead the object to which the method is applied (i.e. the object before the ".", "b" above) becomes the "self" argument.At this point a reasonable question to ask is "Where do the objects come from?" Each object is created by a special call that uses the class name as the name of a function. In addition a class can define a method with the name __init__ which will automatically be called to initialize the new object's attributes (in C++ such a routine is called a constructor).
Here is the __init__ routine for the Book class:
def __init__ (self, t="", a="", s="", u=""): # # Create an instance of Book # self.title = t self.last_name = [] self.first_name = [] self.set_author (a) self.subject = s self.url = uThe main purpose of the above routine is to create all the attributes of the new "Book" object. Note that the arguments to "__init__" are specified with default values, so that the caller needs only to pass the arguments that differ from the default.Here are some examples of calls to create "Book" objects:
a = Book() b = Book ("Fate is the Hunter") c = Book ("Some book", "First, Author")There is one small complication in the "Book" class. It is possible for a book to have more than one author. That's why the attributes "first_name" and "last_name" are actually lists. We'll look more at lists in the next section.
The complete Book class is show in Listing #1. To test the class we add a little piece of code at the end of the file to test if the code is running as __main__ routine, that is execution started in this file. If so, the code to test the Book will run.
The Book_List Class
Once the Book is tested we can go back to designing. The next obvious object is a list which will contain all the "book" objects. For the purposes of our program we have to be able to create the book list from the input file and we have to sort the books in the list by author, title or subject. Sorted list will then be used as input into the code that actually generates HTML pages.As it turns out one of Python's built-in data structures is a list. Here is a snippet of code showing creation of a list and addition of some items (this example was produced by running Python interactively):
Python 1.4 (Dec 18 1996) [GCC 2.7.2.1] Copyright 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam >>> s = [] >>> s.append ("a") >>> s.append ("hello") >>> s.append (1) >>> print s ['a', 'hello', 1]Above we create a list called "s" and add three items to it. Lists allow "slicing" operations, which let you pull out pieces of a list by specifying element numbers. These examples illustrate the idea:>>> print s[1] hello >>> print s[1:] ['hello', 1] >>> print s[:2] ['a', 'hello'] >>> print s[0] as[1] denotes the second element of the list (indexing starts at zero), s[1:] is the slice from the second element to the end of the list, s[:2] goes from the start to the third element, and s[0] is the first item.Finally, lists have a "sort" operator which sorts the elements according to a user supplied comparison function.
Armed with the knowledge of Python lists, writing the Book_List class is easy. The class will have a single attribute, "contents", which will be a list of books.
The constructor for the Book_List class simply creates a "contents" attribute and initializes it to be an empty list. The routine that parses the input file and creates list elements is called "make_from_file" and it begins with the code:
def make_from_file (self, file): # # Read the file and create a book list # lines = file.readlines () self.contents = []The "file" argument is a handle to an open text file that contains the descriptions of the books. The first step this routine performs is to read the entire file into a list of strings, each string representing one line of text. Next, using Python's "for" loop we step through this list and examine each line of text:# # Parse each line and create a list of Book objects # for one_line in lines: # It's not a comment or empty line if (len(one_line) > 0) and (one_line[0] != "#"): # Split into tokens tokens = string.split (one_line)If the line is not empty or is not a comment (that is the first character is not a "#") then we split the line into words, a word being a sequence of characters without spaces. The call "tokens = string.split (one_line)" uses the "split" routine from the "string" module. "split" returns the words it found in a list.if len (tokens) > 0: if (tokens[0] == "title:"): current_book = book.Book (string.join (tokens[1:])) self.contents.append (current_book) elif (tokens[0] == "author:"): current_book.set_author (string.join (tokens[1:])) elif (tokens[0] == "subject:"): current_book.set_subject (string.join (tokens[1:])) elif (tokens[0] == "url:"): current_book.set_url (string.join (tokens[1:]))The first token (i.e. word) on the line is the keyword that tells us what to do. If it is "title:" then we create a new Book object and append it to the list of books, otherwise we just set the proper attributes. Note that the remaining tokens found on each line are joined together into a string (using "string.join" routine). There is probably a more efficient way to code this, but for my purposes this code works fast enough.The other interesting parts of the Book_List class are the sort routines. Here is how the list is sorted by title:
def sort_by_title (self): # # Sort book list by title # self.contents.sort (lambda x, y: cmp (x.title, y.title))We simply call "sort" routine on the list. To get proper ordering we need to supply a function that compares two Book objects. For sorting by title we have to supply an anonymous function, which is introduced with the keyword "lambda" (those of you familiar with Lisp, or other functional languages should recognize this construct). The definition:lambda x, y: cmp (x.title, y.title)simply says that this is a function of two arguments and function result comes from calling the Python built-in function "cmp" (i.e. compare) on the "title" attribute of the two objects.The other sort routines are similar, except that in "sort_by_author" I used a local function instead of a "lambda", because the comparison was little more complicated - I wanted to have all the books with the same author appear alphabetically by title.
Generating Pages:
Now that we have constructed a list of books, the next step is to create the HTML pages. We begin by creating a class, called Html_Page, that generates basic outline of a page and then we extend that class to create the titles, authors and subjects pages.The idea that existing code can be extended yet not changed is the second most import idea of OO programming. The mechanism for doing this is called "inheritance" and it allows the programmer to create a new class by adding new properties to an old class and the old class does not have to change. A way to think about inheritance is as "programming by differences". In our program we will create three classes that inherit from Html_Page.
Html_Page is quite simple. It consists of routines that generate the header and the trailer tags for an HTML page. It also contains an empty routine for generating the body of the page. This routine will be defined in descendant classes. The __init__ routine let's the user of this class specify a title and a top level heading for the page.
When I first tested the output of the HTML generators I simply printed it to the screen and manually saved it into a file, so I could see the page in a browser. But once I was happy with the appearance, I had to change the code to save the data into a file. That's why in Html_Page you will see code like this:
self.f.write ("<html>\n") self.f.write ("<head>\n")for writing the output to a file referenced by the attribute "f".However, since the actual output file will be different for each page opening of the file is deferred to a descendant class.
You can see complete code for Html_Page in Listing #3. The three classes Authors_Page, Titles_Page and Subjects_Page are used to create the final HTML pages. Since these classes belong together I put them in one module, called books_pages. Because the code for these is classes is very similar we will only look at the first one.
Here is how Authors_Page begins:
class Authors_Page (Html_Page): def __init__ (self): Html_Page.__init__ (self, "Aviation Books: by Author", "<i>Aviation Books: indexed by Author</i>") self.f = open ("books_by_author.html", "w") print "Authors page in--> " + self.f.nameTo start with that the class heading lists the name of the class from which Authors_Page inherits, mainly Html_Page. Next notice that the constructor invokes the constructor from the parent class, by calling the __init__ routine qualified by the class name. Finally, the constructor names and opens the output file. I decided not to make the file name a parameter for my own convenience to keep things simple.Since the book list is needed for to generate the body of each page I added a book_list attribute to each page class. This attribute is set before HTML generation starts.
The generate_body routine redefines the empty routine from the parent class. Although fairly long, the code is pretty easy to understand once you know that the book list is represented as an HTML table and the "+" is the concatenation operator for strings.
In addition to replacing the generate_body routine we also redefine generate_trailer routine in order to put a back link to the book index at the bottom of each page:
def generate_trailer (self): self.f.write ("<hr>\n") self.f.write ("<center><a href=books.html>Back to Aviation Books Top Page</a></center>\n") self.f.write ("<hr>\n") Html_Page.generate_trailer (self)Notice how right after we generate the back link, we include a call to parent's generate_trailer routine to finish off the page with correct terminating tags.Complete listing for the three page generating classes are found in Listing #4.
The main line of the entire program is shown in Listing #5. By now the code there should be self explanatory.
Summary
As you can see this particular program was not hard to write. Python is well suited for these types of tasks, you can quickly put together a useful program with minimal fuss.After I have got the program to work I realized that its design is not the best. For example, the HTML generating code could be more general, perhaps the Book class should generate it's own HTML table entries. But for now the program fits my purposes, but I will modify if I need to create other HTML generating applications.
If you like to see the results of this script visit my book page.
To learn more about Python you should start with the Python Home Page which will point you to many Python resources on the net. I also found the O'Reilly book Programming in Python by Mark Lutz extremely helpful.
Finally, any mistakes in the description of Python features are my own fault, as I'm still a Python novice.
Copyright © 1997, Richie Bielak
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
Using SAMBA to Mount Windows 95
By Jonathon Stroud,
Many major universities are now offering network connections to students in their rooms. This is really a wonderful thing for the Linux community. Whereas, the majority of student owned computers on these networks are still running Windows 95, many students are making the switch to Linux. One thing that newcomers to Linux are constantly asking is, "Can I access a directory shared by a Windows 95 computer in the 'Network Neighborhood', and can I share files to Windows 95 users?" The answer, of course, is YES. I keep trying to tell them that there is nothing that Linux can not do, yet they continue to come to me and ask if they can do this in Linux, or if they can do that. I have never once answered no.
Samba
To mount a Windows 95 share, we use a program called Samba. Samba is a program that allows Linux to talk to computers running Windows for Workgroups, Windows 95, Windows NT, Mac OS, and Novel Netware. Samba even allows you to share a printer between computers using these different operating systems. Samba comes with most distributions of Linux, but if you do not have it installed, you can obtain a copy from the Samba home page at http://lake.canberra.edu.au/pub/samba/.
Mounting Windows 95 Shares
The first thing you will probably want to do, is check to see what directories are shared on the computer you are trying to mount off of. To do this type smbclient -L computername. This will list all the directories shared by the machine. To mount the directory, we use the command smbmount. Smbmount can be a little tricky though. I have created a script, named smb, that allows users to mount drives using smbmount, with relative ease.
#usage smb computername sharename #!/bin/sh if [ $UID = 0 ]; then if [ ! d /mnt/$1 ]; then mkdir /mnt/$1 fi #You may want to add the -u option here also if you need to #specify a login id (ie: mounting drives on Windows NT) /usr/sbin/smbmount //$1/$2 /mnt/$1 I $1 c etc else if [ ! d ~/mnt/ ]; then mkdir ~/mnt/ fi if [ ! d ~/mnt/$1 ]; then mkdir ~/mnt/$1 fi #You may want to add the -u option here also if you need to #specify a login id (ie: mounting drives on Windows NT) /usr/sbin/smbmount //$1/$2 ~/mnt/$1 I $1 c etcfiTo execute this script you simply type smb followed by the name of the computer you are mounting off of, and then the directory you wish to mount (ex. smb workstation files). If you are root, the script creates a directory in /mnt by the same name as the computer, and mounts the directory there. For any other user, the script makes a directory in the users home directory named mnt. In that directory it makes another directory by the same name as the computer and mounts the share there.
Sharing files with Windows 95
Now to share a file. This also is not too difficult. To share a directory you need to edit /etc/smb.conf. By default, Samba shares users' home directories, but they are only visible (and accessible) to the owner. This means that the person accessing the share should be logged into Windows 95 with the same loginid, as they use to log into your Linux box.
Let's say you want to let 'bob' access the directory '/shares/files', and you do not want anyone else to access it. To do this, add these lines to your /etc/smb.conf file.
[bobsfiles] comment = files for bob path = /shares/files valid users = bob public = no writable = yes printable = no
- indicates the name the directory will be shared under.
- is a comment that can be displayed in the Windows 95 Network Neighborhood.
- lists the directory on your computer that will be shared
- when set to yes allows users to access the directory with guest privileges.
- indicates whether or not the user has write permissions to the indicated directory
- when set to yes allows users to spool print jobs from that directory
More examples on sharing files can be found in the default smb.conf file. For more help on setting up this file, see the Samba web page, or type man smb.conf.
More cool Samba stuff
If a Windows 95 user on your network is running winpopup (an instant massaging program), you can send them a winpopup message using Samba. To do this just type
smbclient -M computername message_text.
Copyright © 1997, Jonathon Stroud
Published in Issue 19 of the Linux Gazette, July 1997
Copyright © 1997 Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc.
For information regarding copying and distribution of this material see the Copying License.
Contents:
About This Month's Authors
Larry Ayers lives on a small farm in northern Missouri, where he is currently engaged in building a timber-frame house for his family. He operates a portable band-saw mill, does general woodworking, plays the fiddle and searches for rare prairie plants, as well as growing shiitake mushrooms. He is also struggling with configuring a Usenet news server for his local ISP.
Larry Ayers
Jim Dennis is the proprietor of Starshine Technical Services. His professional experience includes work in the technical support, quality assurance, and information services (MIS) departments of software companies like Quarterdeck, Symantec/ Peter Norton Group, and McAfee Associates -- as well as positions (field service rep) with smaller VAR's. He's been using Linux since version 0.99p10 and is an active participant on an ever-changing list of mailing lists and newsgroups. He's just started collaborating on the 2nd Edition for a book on Unix systems administration. Jim is an avid science fiction fan -- and was married at the World Science Fiction Convention in Anaheim.
John currently lives in Athens, GA where he is both a student and an employee of the University of Georgia. He is working on his masters thesis in artificial intelligence while working full time as a system administration and programmer for the College of Education. Prior to his coming to Athens, John studied psychology and philosophy ending with a Masters of Philosophy from the University of Toledo. He has been using Linux since 1994 and maintains the Linux Ai/Alife mini-Howto.
John Ham was born June 10, 1964, in Florence, Alabama. He has a B.S., Mathematics, from The University of the South, Sewanee, TN and an M.S., Computer Science, from The University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO. He is currently working as an Instructor in the Computer Science Department at Burapha University, Bang Saen, Cholburi, Thailand. He teachs in English -- he does not speak Thai. He lives in Thailand, because his wife is Thai and did not wish to live in the United States. His Home Page
Michael J. Hammel, is a transient software engineer with a background in everything from data communications to GUI development to Interactive Cable systems--all based in Unix. His interests outside of computers include 5K/10K races, skiing, Thai food and gardening. He suggests if you have any serious interest in finding out more about him, you visit his home pages at http://www.csn.net/~mjhammel. You'll find out more there than you really wanted to know.
Evan is a Senior Analyst for Sound Software of Brampton, Ontario, Canada. He's installed almost every kind of Unix available for Intel systems over the past dozen years, and this year his company became Canada's first Caldera Channel Partner.
Mike List is a father of four teenagers, musician, printer (not laserjet), and recently reformed technophobe, who has been into computers since April,1996, and Linux since July.
Andy Newton is a Java programmer for Automated Logic Corporation and has been an active member of the Atlanta Linux Enthusiasts for two years. When not playing with computers, he enjoys running, backpacking, political banter and spending time with his fiancee, Karen. His Home Page
When Justin's not busy improving our nation's information boreen, he's at home hacking various projects. If you are cut off by a silver coupe with New Mexico plates on the roads around our nation's capital, feel free to wave hello! Justin and his family will be making their annual sojourn to relatives in Ireland during July- he'd like to hear from fellow Linux users over there.
Cliff Seruntine is a writer and an electronics and computer technician, web designer and all around hacker. He lives in Alaska with his family of four where they fight a never-ending battle against the evil computer assimilators and spend their weekends salmon fishing. He'd love to have you over to visit. Meet him at http://www.micronet.net
Not Linux
Thanks to all our authors, not just the ones above, but also those who wrote giving us their tips and tricks and making suggestions. Thanks also to our new mirror sites.
My assistant, Amy Kukuk, did all the work again this month. She's so good to me. Thank you, Amy.
I'm going on vacation from July 3 to July 13, and I am truly looking forward to it. I've been working much too hard since taking over as Editor of Linux Journal, and a week or so with no work in my thoughts is going to be a much needed break. Riley and I are flying to Southern California to visit his dad--the esteemed UCLA Professor Emeritus, Dr. Ralph Richardson. We also will be visiting my daughter Lara and her children. Pictures of all my grandchildren are on my home page--they are, of course, the most beautiful and most intelligent grandkids in the world. I am very proud of them, as you can see.
Have fun!
Marjorie L. Richardson
Editor, Linux Gazette
Linux Gazette Issue 19, July 1997, http://www.ssc.com/lg/
This page written and maintained by the Editor of Linux Gazette,
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